# Effect of the Implementation of a Multiple-Behavior Self-Monitoring Intervention on Dietary Intake in Type 2 Diabetes: Secondary Data Analysis

## TL;DR

A study found that using mobile or paper diaries to track diet helped reduce calorie, fat, and carbohydrate intake in people with type 2 diabetes over three months.

## Contribution

This study evaluates the effectiveness of mobile versus paper self-monitoring for dietary changes in diabetes management.

## Key findings

- Participants using mobile diaries showed slightly higher adherence to self-monitoring.
- There was a significant decrease in energy, fat, and carbohydrate intake over three months.
- No significant difference in outcomes was found between mobile and paper diary users.

## Abstract

An electronic diary embedded in a mobile device to monitor lifestyle can be as effective as traditional methods. However, the efficacy of self-monitoring multiple behaviors for dietary intake has not been well studied in people with diabetes.

This study aimed to compare the effect of using technology-assisted self-monitoring versus paper diaries on changes in dietary intake.

This is a secondary analysis of data collected from 39 people with type 2 diabetes as part of a 3-month pilot clinical trial. Changes in energy intake and the contribution of total fat intake and total carbohydrate intake to total calories (%) from baseline to after intervention (3 months) were evaluated.

In total, 26 (67%) of the 39 participants preferred mobile diaries over paper diaries. Participants in the mobile diary group showed slightly higher self-monitoring adherence. Linear mixed modeling results indicated a significant overall decrease in total energy intake (P=.005), dietary fat intake (P=.01), and carbohydrate intake (P=.08) from baseline to 3 months. No significant group differences were detected (P>.05).

The implementation of a 3-month, multiple-behavior, self-monitoring intervention in Diabetes Self-Management Education programs has resulted in successful reduction in dietary intake (energy, fat, and carbohydrate), whichever self-monitoring method is chosen by participants according to their preferences. Long-term studies are needed to confirm our findings on dietary intake and examine other behavioral and disease outcomes that require monitoring.