# Genomic Characterization of Three Canadian Mumps Outbreaks Demonstrates Endemic Transmission in Canada

## TL;DR

Genomic analysis of mumps outbreaks in Canada shows that genotype G is circulating endemically, despite high vaccination rates, suggesting the need for improved surveillance and strategies.

## Contribution

The study provides genomic evidence of endemic mumps transmission in Canada and highlights genotype G's potential immune escape.

## Key findings

- Whole genome sequencing was more effective than traditional methods in outbreak investigations.
- Mumps genotype G likely circulated endemically in Canada and between Canada and the US.
- Genomic data can improve understanding of mumps evolution in vaccinated populations.

## Abstract

Despite the provision of a mumps vaccination program in Canada for over three decades, mumps has not reached elimination. Instead, a re-emergence has been observed in vaccinated populations, particularly in young adults. These outbreaks have been almost exclusively due to genotype G infections, a trend that has been seen in other countries with high mumps vaccination rates. To characterize mumps outbreaks in Canada, genomes from samples from Manitoba (n = 209), Newfoundland (n = 25), and Nova Scotia (n = 48) were sequenced and analysed by Bayesian inference. Whole genome sequencing was shown to be highly discriminatory for outbreak investigations compared to traditional Sanger sequencing. The results showed that mumps virus genotype G most likely circulated endemically in Canada and between Canada and the US. Overall, this Canadian outbreak data from different provinces and ancestral strains demonstrates the benefits of molecular genomic data to better characterize mumps outbreaks, but also suggests genomics could further our understanding of the reasons for potential immune escape of mumps genotype G and evolution in highly vaccinated populations. With a possible endemic circulation of mumps genotype G and the remaining risk of new imported cases, increased surveillance and alternative vaccination strategies may be required for Canada to reach the current target for mumps or a future elimination status.