# Food Insecurity and Nutritional Inadequacy in Children and Adolescents of Basic Education Schools of Cantagalo District in São Tomé and Príncipe, Central Africa

## TL;DR

This study finds high rates of food insecurity and poor nutrition among children and adolescents in São Tomé and Príncipe, with most lacking essential nutrients like iron.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into the link between household food insecurity and micronutrient inadequacy in a Central African population.

## Key findings

- 73.7% of households were classified as severely food insecure.
- Over 95% of children and adolescents had inadequate intake of essential micronutrients, including iron.
- Severe food insecurity was associated with lower iron intake and certain household characteristics.

## Abstract

Food insecurity (FI) is a critical socioeconomic and public health problem globally, particularly affecting children’s nutritional status and development. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of nutritional inadequacy among children and adolescents in the Cantagalo district of São Tomé and Príncipe (STP), in Central Africa. It also assessed their households’ FI situation and examined sociodemographic, anthropometric, and nutritional characteristics associated with severe FI. Data included 546 children/adolescents (51.8% males, aged 9–15 years) from the eight public basic education schools. A structured questionnaire provided sociodemographic data, while anthropometric measurements assessed nutritional status. Dietary intake data were gathered using a single 24 h dietary recall, and the adjusted prevalences of nutritional inadequacy were obtained using version 2.0 of the PC-Software for Intake Distribution Estimation (PC-SIDE®). The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale was used to assess FI, and households were classified as severely or non-severely food insecure. Multivariable binary logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders identified factors related to FI. Children’s/adolescents’ thinness was exhibited in 34.1% of participants, and over 95% had inadequate intake of essential micronutrients, including iron. Notably, 73.7% were severely food insecure. A higher severity of FI was positively associated with a lower intake of iron and certain household head characteristics, such as being female or older, and negatively associated with having a home garden.