Functional Diversity and Engineering of the Adenylation Domains in Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases

TL;DR

This paper explores how modifying the adenylation domain in NRPSs can create new nonribosomal peptides with potential therapeutic uses.

Contribution

The paper systematically describes various engineering strategies for the adenylation domain to alter substrate specificity in NRPSs.

Findings

Engineering the adenylation domain can change the substrate specificity of NRPSs.

Strategies include mutagenesis, domain substitution, and module rearrangements.

These methods enhance the structural diversity of nonribosomal peptides.

Abstract

Nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) are biosynthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and are widely distributed in both terrestrial and marine organisms. Many NRPs and their analogs are biologically active and serve as therapeutic agents. The adenylation (A) domain is a key catalytic domain that primarily controls the sequence of a product during the assembling of NRPs and thus plays a predominant role in the structural diversity of NRPs. Engineering of the A domain to alter substrate specificity is a potential strategy for obtaining novel NRPs for pharmaceutical studies. On the basis of introducing the catalytic mechanism and multiple functions of the A domains, this article systematically describes several representative NRPS engineering strategies targeting the A domain, including mutagenesis of substrate-specificity codes, substitution of condensation-adenylation bidomains, the entire A domain or its subdomains, domain insertion, and whole-module rearrangements.

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