# Needle-Shaped Biosensors for Precision Diagnoses: From Benchtop Development to In Vitro and In Vivo Applications

## TL;DR

Needle-shaped biosensors are being developed to detect disease biomarkers directly in tissues, improving diagnostic accuracy for conditions like cancer and diabetes.

## Contribution

This paper reviews the latest benchtop and preclinical developments of needle-shaped biosensors for in situ biomarker detection.

## Key findings

- Needle-shaped biosensors show excellent performance in detecting biomarkers from clinical samples in vitro.
- Recent in vivo studies demonstrate progress in translating N-biosensor technology for accurate disease diagnosis.
- The paper outlines challenges and future directions for next-generation biosensor development.

## Abstract

To achieve the accurate recognition of biomarkers or pathological characteristics within tissues or cells, in situ detection using biosensor technology offers crucial insights into the nature, stage, and progression of diseases, paving the way for enhanced precision in diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies. The implementation of needle-shaped biosensors (N-biosensors) presents a highly promising method for conducting in situ measurements of clinical biomarkers in various organs, such as in the brain or spinal cord. Previous studies have highlighted the excellent performance of different N-biosensor designs in detecting biomarkers from clinical samples in vitro. Recent preclinical in vivo studies have also shown significant progress in the clinical translation of N-biosensor technology for in situ biomarker detection, enabling highly accurate diagnoses for cancer, diabetes, and infectious diseases. This article begins with an overview of current state-of-the-art benchtop N-biosensor designs, discusses their preclinical applications for sensitive diagnoses, and concludes by exploring the challenges and potential avenues for next-generation N-biosensor technology.