# Hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia during follow-up of patients after cyclophosphamide- or oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy: differentiation from liver metastasis

## TL;DR

Cancer survivors treated with cyclophosphamide or oxaliplatin may develop liver nodules called focal nodular hyperplasia, which can be mistaken for cancer recurrence.

## Contribution

The study identifies chemotherapy-induced focal nodular hyperplasia as a potential cause of new liver nodules in cancer survivors, emphasizing the role of MRI and treatment history in diagnosis.

## Key findings

- Hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia was detected in cancer survivors after cyclophosphamide- or oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy.
- Cyclophosphamide-treated patients developed focal nodular hyperplasia at shorter intervals compared to oxaliplatin-treated patients.
- Most lesions were diagnosed using MRI and follow-up, avoiding unnecessary invasive procedures.

## Abstract

Newly detected hepatic nodules during follow-up of cancer survivors receiving chemotherapy may pose a diagnostic dilemma. We investigated a series of hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) diagnosed by either typical MRI features and follow-up or pathology in cancer survivors.

This retrospective study evaluated 38 patients with tumours who developed new hepatic FNH after cyclophosphamide-based (n = 19) and oxaliplatin-based (n = 19) chemotherapies. The main tumour types were breast cancer (n = 18) and colorectal cancer (n = 17). MRI findings, clinical features, and temporal evolution of all target hepatic lesions (n = 63) were reported. In addition, the two chemotherapy drug groups were compared.

The median interval between chemotherapy completion and FNH detection was 30.4 months (12.9, 49.4). Six patients underwent biopsy or surgery, while the remaining patients were diagnosed based on typical MRI features and long-term follow-up. Among the patients, 60.5% (23/38) presented with multiple nodules and 63 target lesions were detected. The median size of target lesions was 11.5 mm (8.4, 15.1). The median follow-up time was 32.5 months (21.2, 48.6), and 15 patients experienced changes in their lesions during the follow-up period (11 increased and 4 decreased). The cyclophosphamide-based treatment group had a younger population, a greater proportion of females, and a shorter time to discovery than the oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy group (all p ≤ 0.016).

FNH may occur in cancer survivors after cyclophosphamide- or oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. Considering a patient’s treatment history and typical MRI findings can help avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary invasive treatment.

When cancer survivors develop new hepatic nodules during follow-up, clinicians should think of the possibility of focal nodular hyperplasia in addition to liver metastasis, especially if the cancer survivors were previously treated with cyclophosphamide or oxaliplatin.

Cancer survivors, after chemotherapy, can develop hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia.Cyclophosphamide and oxaliplatin are two chemotherapeutic agents that predispose to focal nodular hyperplasia development.Focal nodular hyperplasia occurs at shorter intervals in patients treated with cyclophosphamide.

Cancer survivors, after chemotherapy, can develop hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia.

Cyclophosphamide and oxaliplatin are two chemotherapeutic agents that predispose to focal nodular hyperplasia development.

Focal nodular hyperplasia occurs at shorter intervals in patients treated with cyclophosphamide.