Awareness of Post-COVID-19 Syndrome Among the General Population of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Mushabab Alghamdi, Sami Mohammed A Alaklabi, Saud G Alshmrani, Yaser Mohammed D Alamri, Turki A Alamri, Turki M Alaklabi, Sultan Saber Z Alharethi, Salem Mohammed K Alalyani, Masoud I E Adam
TL;DR
This study found that most people in Saudi Arabia have low awareness of post-COVID-19 syndrome symptoms and risk factors, highlighting the need for better public education.
Contribution
The study provides the first population-wide assessment of PC19S awareness in Saudi Arabia, including non-hospitalized individuals.
Findings
72.4% of participants showed low awareness of PC19S symptoms.
80.7% of participants had low awareness of PC19S risk factors.
Awareness of smell disturbances was highest (56.0%), while awareness of hair loss was lowest (23.5%).
Abstract
Background Post-COVID-19 syndrome (PC19S) is an emerging pathological entity characterized by the development or persistence of a spectrum of symptoms and signs 12 weeks after the original disease. Most COVID-19 patients show a variety of persistent symptoms after recovery that impact their quality of life and professional performance. The prevalence of PC19S is found to be high among many populations hence, the need for knowledge and understanding of its risk factors, symptoms, and the awareness of the population about them to improve the provided health and medical care. Aim This study aims to assess the level of awareness of post-COVID-19 syndrome among the general population of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Most studies have focused on hospitalized patients and those with severe disease, but PC19S can exist in other categories of COVID-19 patients; hence, the need for total…
Genes, proteins, chemicals, diseases, species, mutations and cell lines named across the full text — each resolved to its canonical identifier and authoritative record.
| Parameter | Category | N (%) | Chi-square test (N 2153) | P-value |
| Age | 18-36 years old | 1429 (66.37%) | 2.686 | 0.612** |
| 37-56 years old | 637 (29.59%) | |||
| +56 years old | 87 (4.04%) | |||
| Gender | Male | 1035 (48.07%) | 26.150 | 0.001* |
| Female | 1118 (51.93%) | |||
| Nationality | Saudi | 2061 (95.73%) | 1.781 | 0.410** |
| Non-Saudi | 92 (4.27%) | |||
| Marital status | Single | 1041 (48.4%) | 15.912 | 0.044* |
| Married | 961 (44.6%) | |||
| Divorced | 77 (3.6%) | |||
| Widower | 46 (2.1%) | |||
| Separated | 28 (2.3%) | |||
| Educational level | No formal education | 24 (1.1%) | 14.437 | 0.154** |
| Elementary school | 18 (0.8%) | |||
| Intermediate school | 48 (2.2%) | |||
| High school | 577 (26.8%) | |||
| Bachelor’s degree/diploma | 1353 (62.8%) | |||
| Postgraduate degree | 133 (6.2%) | |||
| Residence | Northern region | 777 (36.09%) | 55.695 | 0.001* |
| Southern region | 466 (21.64%) | |||
| West region | 414 (19.23%) | |||
| Middle region | 340 (15.79%) | |||
| East region | 156 (7.25%) | |||
| Occupation | Education sector | 414 (19.2%) | 35.952 | 0.001* |
| Health sector | 286 (13.3%) | |||
| Private companies | 251 (11.7%) | |||
| Military service | 165 (7.7%) | |||
| Unemployed | 918 (42.6%) | |||
| Retired | 119 (5.5%) | |||
| Income per month | Less than 5000 SAR (1333 USD) | 1089 (50.6%) | 5.996 | 0.199** |
| 5000-10000 SAR (1333-2666 USD) | 514 (23.9%) | |||
| More than 10000 SAR (2666 USD) | 550 (25.5%) | |||
| Personal history of COVID-19 infection | Yes | 907 (42.13%) | 4.443 | 0.108** |
| No | 1246 (57.87%) | |||
| Family history of COVID-19 infection | Yes | 1453 (67.49%) | 19.759 | 0.001* |
| No | 700 (32.51%) |
| Parameter | Category | N (%) | Low awareness level regarding PC19S (Has a low level of awareness regarding both symptoms and risk factors) | Moderate awareness level regarding PC19S (Has a high level of awareness regarding either symptoms or risk factors) | High awareness level regarding PC19S (Has a high level of awareness regarding both symptoms and risk factors) |
| Age | 18-36 Years old | 1429 (66.37%) | 917 (64.17%) | 364 (25.47%) | 148 (10.35%) |
| 37-56 Years old | 637 (29.59%) | 405 (63.57%) | 152 (23.86%) | 80 (12.55%) | |
| +56 Years old | 87 (4.04%) | 58 (66.66%) | 20 (22.98%) | 9 (10.34%) | |
| Gender | Male | 1035 (48.07%) | 719 (69.46%) | 226 (21.83%) | 90 (8.69%) |
| Female | 1118 (51.93%) | 661 (59.12%) | 310 (27.72%) | 147 (13.14%) | |
| Nationality | Saudi | 2061 (95.73%) | 1323 (64.19%) | 515 (24.98%) | 223 (10.81%) |
| Non-Saudi | 92 (4.27%) | 57 (61.95%) | 21 (22.82%) | 14 (15.21%) | |
| Marital status | Single | 1041 (48.4%) | 643 (61.76%) | 275 (26.41%) | 123 (11.81%) |
| Married | 961 (44.6%) | 631 (65.66%) | 236 (24.55%) | 94 (9.78%) | |
| Divorced | 77 (3.6%) | 50 (64.93%) | 16 (20.77%) | 11 (14.28%) | |
| Widower | 46 (2.1%) | 37 (80.43%) | 6 (13.04%) | 3 (6.52%) | |
| Separated | 28 (2.3%) | 19 (67.85%) | 3 (10.71%) | 6 (21.42%) | |
| Educational level | No formal education | 24 (1.1%) | 22 (91.66%) | 1 (4.16%) | 1 (4.16%) |
| Elementary school | 18 (0.8%) | 13 (72%) | 3 (16.6%) | 2 (11.11%) | |
| Intermediate school | 48 (2.2%) | 32 (66.66%) | 11 (22.91%) | 5 (10.41%) | |
| High school | 577 (26.8%) | 359 (64.45%) | 150 (26.92%) | 68 (12.21) | |
| Bachelor’s degree/diploma | 1353 (62.8%) | 878 (64.89%) | 335 (24.75%) | 140 (10.34%) | |
| Postgraduate degree | 133 (6.2%) | 76 (57.14%) | 36 (27.06%) | 21 (15.78%) | |
| Residence | Northern region | 777 (36.09%) | 557 (71.68%) | 164 (21.10%) | 56 (7.21%) |
| Southern region | 466 (21.64%) | 278 (62.33%) | 118 (26.46%) | 70 (15.70%) | |
| West region | 414 (19.23%) | 232 (56.04%) | 126 (30.43%) | 56 (13.53%) | |
| Middle region | 340 (15.79%) | 233 (68.53%) | 75 (22.06%) | 32 (9.41%) | |
| East region | 156 (7.25%) | 80 (51.28%) | 53 (33.97%) | 23 (14.74%) | |
| Occupation | Education sector | 414 (19.2%) | 267 (64.49%) | 100 (24.15%) | 47 (11.35%) |
| Health sector | 286 (13.3%) | 159 (55.59%) | 90 (31.46%) | 37 (12.94%) | |
| Private companies | 251 (11.7%) | 180 (71.71%) | 50 (19.92%) | 21 (8.37%) | |
| Military service | 165 (7.7%) | 131 (79.39%) | 25 (15.15%) | 9 (5.45%) | |
| Unemployed | 918 (42.6%) | 565 (61.54%) | 245 (26.69%) | 108 (11.76%) | |
| Retired | 119 (5.5%) | 78 (65.54%) | 26 (21.85%) | 15 (12.61%) | |
| Income per month | Less than 5000 SAR (1333 USD) | 1089 (50.6%) | 689 (63.27%) | 280 (25.71%) | 120 (11.02%) |
| 5000-10000 SAR (1333-2666 USD) | 514 (23.9%) | 348 (67.70%) | 120 (23.35%) | 46 (8.95%) | |
| More than 10000 SAR (2666 USD) | 550 (25.5%) | 343 (62.36%) | 136 (24.73%) | 71 (12.91%) | |
| Personal history of COVID-19 infection | Yes | 907 (42.13%) | 564 (62.18%) | 229 (25.25%) | 114 (12.57%) |
| No | 1246 (57.87%) | 816 (65.49%) | 307 (24.64%) | 123 (9.87%) | |
| Family history of COVID-19 infection | Yes | 1453 (67.49%) | 885 (60.91%) | 393 (27.05%) | 175 (12.04%) |
| No | 700 (32.51%) | 495 (70.71%) | 143 (20.43%) | 62 (80.86%) |
| Awareness level | N (%) |
| High awareness level toward symptoms | 595 (27.6%) |
| Low awareness level toward symptoms | 1558 (72.4%) |
| High awareness level toward risk factors | 415 (19.3%) |
| Low awareness level toward risk factors | 1738 (80.7%) |
| Symptoms | Aware | Unaware |
| Headache | 941 (43.7%) | 1212 (56.3%) |
| Fatigue | 850 (39.5%) | 1303 (60.5%) |
| Attention disorders | 701 (32.6%) | 1452 (67.4%) |
| Hair loss | 506 (23.5%) | 1647 (76.5%) |
| Shortness of breath | 898 (41.7%) | 1255 (58.3%) |
| Smell disturbance | 1206(56.0%) | 947 (44.0%) |
| Chest pain | 532 (24.7%) | 1621 (75.3%) |
| Muscle pain | 638 (29.6%) | 1515 (70.4%) |
| Cough | 555 (25.8%) | 1598 (74.2%) |
| I don’t know | 312 (14.5%) | |
| Risk Factor | Aware | Unaware |
| Old age | 1326 (61.6%) | 827 (38.4%) |
| Smoking | 963 (44.7%) | 1190 (55.3%) |
| Diabetes Meletus | 754 (35.0%) | 1399 (65.0%) |
| Obesity | 677 (31.4%) | 1476 (68.6%) |
| Female sex | 194 (9.0%) | 1959 (91.0%) |
| Hypertension | 518 (24.1%) | 1635 (75.9%) |
| Asthma | 1048 (48.7%) | 1105 (51.3%) |
| Hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection | 619 (28.8%) | 1534 (71.2%) |
| I don’t know | 256 (11.9) | |
| Source | Yes | No |
| Media | 1388 (64.47%) | 765 (35.53%) |
| Ministry of Health-related resources | 1487 (69.07%) | 666 (30.93%) |
| Relatives | 708 (32.88%) | 1445 (67.12%) |
| Other | 23 (1.07%) | 2130 (98.93%) |
Peer Reviews
No public reviews on file for this paper yet. If you reviewed it on a platform where reviews are public (OpenReview, ICLR, NeurIPS, ICML), you can paste yours below so the community can read it here.
Videos
No videos yet. Explain this paper in a talk, walkthrough, or lecture? Add one.
Taxonomy
TopicsLong-Term Effects of COVID-19 · COVID-19 and Mental Health · COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Introduction
COVID-19 is primarily an acute, contagious, respiratory viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) but can involve multiple organs [1,2]. The disease has immediate complications, mainly respiratory, but can also cause acute cardiac complications or thrombotic disease during the acute phase. Delayed complications have also been observed after recovery [3,4]. Some patients who recovered from a COVID-19 infection during the first wave developed persistent symptoms, which could be due to the virus itself or other factors [5]. The developing symptoms come in different severities [6].^ ^In 2020, post-COVID syndrome was first described during a survey of prolonged COVID-19 symptoms [7]. It is reported that 40%-70% of those who survived COVID-19 may develop post-COVID-19 syndrome (PC19S) [8]. Studies suggest a more conservative estimate, indicating that around 10% to 20% of people infected by SARS-CoV-2 may develop symptoms that can be diagnosed as long COVID [9].
The World Health Organization (WHO) has given the names post-COVID-19 condition and long COVID and refers to it as “the continuation or development of new symptoms 3 months after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, with these symptoms lasting for at least 2 months with no other explanation,” which “can affect anyone exposed to SARS-CoV-2, regardless of age or severity of original symptoms” [9]. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) used the name "post-Covid conditions" for illnesses that persist more than four weeks after the primary disease [3].
During the pandemic, the prevalence of COVID-19 in KSA ranged from 1.78% to 24.45% in different regions of the country [10]. The Saudi Ministry of Health defined post-COVID-19 syndrome as a ‘‘spectrum of signs and symptoms that persist for or develop after 12 weeks following an acute COVID-19 infection and are not explained by an alternative diagnosis, which should be assessed and excluded’’ [11]. PC19S is rare in children and adolescents but commonly seen in adults and can develop in all categories of COVID patients, PC19S can affect those who have no symptoms, those with mild symptoms, and those with severe COVID-19 disease [12].
A multifactorial pathophysiological origin is believed to be the cause of post-COVID-19 syndrome [13]. Incriminated factors include microvascular ischemia, injury, immobility, and metabolic alterations that take place during the acute phase of the disease [14]. PC19S has a great impact on individual performance and work ability [15].
The prevalence of PC19S among Saudis varies in different areas due to many factors but according to the Saudi Ministry of Health, 96% of COVID-19 patients had not returned to their usual state of health when interviewed at 90 days (3 months) later [11]. According to Hyassat D et al., the prevalence of post-COVID-19 syndrome symptoms was 59.3% [16]. A similar finding was reported by Fernández-de-Las-Peñas et al. of COVID-19 survivors (60%) [17] while some studies reported higher prevalence rates, such as Huang et al. (76%) [18], Taboada et al. (67%) [19], and Carfi et al. (87%) [20]. Many studies have reported that PC19S is more common among females than males [18,21,22].
Post-COVID conditions were highly prevalent among adults in Saudi Arabia (74.60%) [23]. Females, young adults, and those with higher stress levels were more likely to experience post-COVID conditions compared to males and middle-aged adults, respectively, according to a recent study carried out by Ashgar R [23].
According to the Saudi National Guidelines in Post-COVID-19 Clinical Care by the Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia (2022), the most common COVID-19 symptoms include fatigue, musculoskeletal symptoms, dyspnea and respiratory complications, cardiovascular abnormalities, neurological impairment, gastrointestinal and hepatic impairment, psychological impairments and post-traumatic stress disorders, metabolic impairment, post-viral olfactory dysfunction, post-viral taste dysfunction, post-viral menstrual irregularities, and long-term cognitive impairments [11]. PC19S is a group of symptoms affecting individual health and involving many risk factors. Due to limited research on this subject, this study aims to bridge the gap in knowledge and awareness, providing valuable information to educate the population about this syndrome and determine the level of awareness about PC19S, its symptoms, risk factors, associated risks, and factors influencing awareness among the general population of Saudi Arabia.
Materials and methods
Our research is a community-based, cross-sectional study conducted in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The target demographic comprised adults residing in KSA, inclusive of all males and females aged 18 years and older, who have lived in the country for a minimum of six months. Individuals who declined participation or did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded.
Data collection was executed via an online, standardized, self-administered questionnaire, which was developed by the researchers and reviewed by two consultants (Appendices). To address potential language barriers, a back-translation process was implemented. This involved translating the English version of the questionnaire into Arabic by a professional translator and then translating it back into English to ensure the equivalence of meaning between the original and translated versions.
The questionnaire was divided into three sections. The first section gathered socio-demographic information, including age, gender, marital status, educational level, residency, nationality, occupation, income, and personal and family history of COVID-19. The second section consisted of nine close-ended questions designed to assess knowledge about the symptoms of PC19S. The third section comprised eight questions aimed at evaluating participants' knowledge regarding the risk factors of PC19S.
A non-probability convenience sampling technique was employed. Collaboration with 26 data collectors from various regions of KSA was sought, with each data collector tasked to recruit at least 100 participants. Ultimately, 16 data collectors successfully gathered the required samples. They utilized diverse distribution methods such as WhatsApp, Telegram, Facebook, and Twitter.
Data were collected through Google Forms (Google LLC, Mountain View, California, US) and subsequently exported to Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, US) for encoding and analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26. Basic variables were expressed as frequency tables, and data were presented in percentages, depicted through tables. The chi-square test was used for the analysis of categorical data, with results considered statistically significant at a p-value of less than 0.05. The awareness of PC19S was assessed by making a cut-point of 50% (5 or more out of 9 known symptoms considered as high awareness level while less than 5 considered as low level of awareness, and 4 or more out of 8 known risk factors are considered as high awareness level while less than 5 considered as low level of awareness). We adjusted the results and reorganized them into levels of awareness as low awareness level regarding PC19S (has a low level of awareness regarding both symptoms and risk factors), moderate awareness level regarding PC19S (has a high level of awareness regarding either symptoms or risk factors) and high awareness level regarding PC19S (has a high level of awareness regarding both symptoms and risk factors), which were to simplify and facilitate the results’ interpretation.
Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Bisha Institutional Review Board (IRB) before collecting data. Participants were informed about the study's objectives, and consent was obtained before they started the questionnaires. Participants were also informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time. Confidentiality was maintained throughout the study, ensuring that the respondents' information was secured and kept private.
Results
The study was conducted among the whole Saudi population excluding those below 18 years (Table 1) and involved 2153; out of them, 907 (42.13%) had been infected with COVID-19, 1035 (48.07%) were males, 1118 (51.93%) females, and most of them are Saudi 2061 (95.73%). Nearly half of the participants were single 1041 (48.4%) while 961 (44.6%) were married and the remaining were divorced (77; 3.6%), widows (46; 2.1%), and separated (28; 1.3%). Bachelor's degree/diploma holders constituted almost two-thirds of the participants (1353; 62.8%) while high school (577; 26.8%), intermediate school (48; 2.2%), elementary school (18; 0.8%), graduate degree holders (133; 6.2%), and those who had no formal education (24; 1.1%). More than one-third of the participants were from the northern region (777; 36.09%) followed by the southern region (466; 21.64%), western region (414; 19.23%), middle region (340; 15.79%), and the least from the eastern region (156; 7.25%). Unemployed participants were 918 (42.6%) while educational sector employees were 414 (19.2%), health sector workers were 286 (13.3%), private companies’ employees (251; 11.7%), military service personnel (165; 7.7% and 119; 5.5%). Regarding the income of the participants, those with the lowest income constitute more than half of them (1089; 50.6%) while the highest and those with a modest income together less than half of the participants (550; 25.5%) and (514; 23.9%), respectively.
We adjusted the results and reorganized them into three levels of awareness as shown in Table 2. This was to simplify and facilitate the results’ interpretation, which revealed 1380 (64.09%) with low awareness of PC19S, 536 (24.89%) with moderate awareness of PC19S, and only 237 (11%) with high awareness level.
Without categorization, the study revealed that only 595 (27.6%) showed high awareness of all symptoms and most of them had low awareness (Table 3). Similarly, their awareness of the risk factors (415; 19.3%) showed low awareness, and 1738 (80.7%) high awareness.
The participants showed high awareness toward smell disturbance (1206 - 56.0%) while awareness toward cough was the lowest (555; 25.8%) as compared with other symptoms (Table 4). Awareness toward headache was 941 (43.7%), shortness of breath was 898 (41.7%), fatigue was 850 (39.5%), attention disorders was 701 (32.6%), muscle pain was 638 (29.6%), hair loss was 506 (23.5%) and 312 (14.5%) didn't know about these symptoms.
Concerning the level of awareness toward the risk factors, the study showed that most of the participants were not aware of the risk factors of PC19S (1738; 80.7%) while only 415 (19.3%) showed awareness (Table 5). The highest awareness was seen toward old age (1326; 61.6%) followed by asthma (1048; 48.7%), smoking (963; 44.7%), diabetes mellitus (754; 35.0%), obesity (677; 31.4%), COVID-19 infection (619; 28.8%), hypertension (518; 24.1%), and the lowest awareness was toward female sex (194; 9.0%).
The sources of information (Table 6) about PC19S according to the participant's responses were as follows: Saudi Ministry of Health-related resources was the source for more than two-thirds of them (1487; 69.07%), media for about two-thirds of them (1388; 64.47%), relatives (708; 32.88%), and others only 23 (1.07%).
Discussion
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose a global threat [23,24], affecting populations across all continents. Incidence rates vary, estimated to range from 10% to 35% but can be as high as 85% among hospitalized patients [25]. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence of COVID-19 symptoms (PC19S) also shows significant variation across different regions, reaching levels as high as 96% [11]. Given these statistics, there is a pressing need to assess public awareness of COVID-19 symptoms and risk factors among the Saudi population to effectively plan and execute targeted awareness campaigns. This study explores the level of awareness among Saudis regarding symptoms commonly associated with COVID-19. It’s important to note that the terminology and understanding of COVID-19 symptoms are continuously evolving [26], and thus, the study focuses on commonly recognized symptoms while acknowledging that additional symptoms may exist.
As recorded in this study the distribution of the demographic data of the participants showed a higher percentage of those aged 18-36 (66.37%), females (51.93%), single (48.4%), bachelor/diploma holders (62.8%), unemployed (42.6%), and income less than 5000 SAR (1333 USD)/month (50.6%), as these groups are more active, more linked with social media, and more concerned with such issues. Those living in the northern region showed a higher percentage (36.09%) than those living in other regions. Participants who have one of their families infected with COVID-19 have a higher percentage (67.49%) than others, as they had experienced the COVID-19 infection.
The study showed low awareness of participants toward both symptoms and risk factors (72.4% and 80.7%, respectively), which is consistent with the findings reported by Bogale KA in a study conducted in Ethiopia [27]. Another study conducted among females in Egypt revealed that 80% of the participants had unsatisfactory levels of knowledge of PC19S, including risk factors and symptoms [28]. This low awareness might be because PC19S is a newly emerging disease entity in addition to the absence of planned awareness development programs. Awareness of smell disturbance was the highest at 56.0%, as it is the most common COVID-19 symptom among the Saudi population.
Limitations
The cross-sectional study design might have constrained the associations between the explored factors. Sociocultural and religious barriers influenced data collection, impacting the accuracy of the data and equal participation opportunities. Consequently, we opted for a self-administered online questionnaire instead of an interviewer-administered one to reach a broader segment of the community, including illiterate individuals and those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. However, this approach introduced potential biases that limit the generalizability of the results. Additionally, distributing the questionnaire through social media platforms like WhatsApp may have missed individuals with lower educational levels and socioeconomic statuses.
Conclusions
The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on all aspects of human life, and curing acute infection is not the end of the disease, as it may cause what is known today as post-COVID-19 syndrome. Therefore, raising awareness of PC19S risk factors and symptoms is important for managing this condition. The results of this study revealed that the majority of the participants demonstrated low awareness of the symptoms and risk factors of PC19S, which needs a continuous effort to raise the population's awareness of this health-threatening condition. Awareness programs need to be planned, organized, and conducted. Specific population groups need to be targeted for a well-planned and structured educational program to improve the level of awareness. Future studies are needed to follow the status of PC19S and population awareness of its risk factors and symptoms.
The reference list from the paper itself. Each links out to its DOI / PubMed record.
- 1SARS-Co V-2 cell entry depends on ACE 2 and TMPRSS 2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor Cell Hoffmann M Kleine-Weber H Schroeder S 27128018120203214265110.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052PMC 7102627 · doi ↗ · pubmed ↗
- 2Extra-respiratory manifestations of COVID-19Int J Antimicrob Agents Lai CC Ko WC Lee PI Jean SS Hsueh PR 1060245620203245019710.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106024 PMC 7243791 · doi ↗ · pubmed ↗
- 3Post-Acute Coronavirus (COVID-19) Syndrome Chippa V Aleem A Anjum F Treasure Island (FL)Stat Pearls [Internet]2024 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK 57060834033370 · pubmed ↗
- 4The post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (long COVID)Oman Med J Al-Jahdhami I Al-Naamani K Al-Mawali A 036202110.5001/omj.2021.91PMC 783834333537155 · doi ↗ · pubmed ↗
- 5Post-infective and chronic fatigue syndromes precipitated by viral and non-viral pathogens: prospective cohort study BMJ Hickie I Davenport T Wakefield D 57533320061695083410.1136/bmj.38933.585764.AEPMC 1569956 · doi ↗ · pubmed ↗
- 6Post-COVID-19 syndrome comprehensive assessment: from clinical diagnosis to imaging and biochemical-guided diagnosis and management Viruses Yan MZ Yang M Lai CL 5331520233685174610.3390/v 15020533 PMC 9964207 · doi ↗ · pubmed ↗
- 7Patient-Led Research Collaborative: embedding patients in the long COVID narrative Pain Rep Mc Corkell L S Assaf G E Davis H Wei H Akrami A 06202110.1097/PR 9.0000000000000913 PMC 811257733987484 · doi ↗ · pubmed ↗
- 8Global prevalence of post-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) condition or long COVID: a meta-analysis and systematic review J Infect Dis Chen C Haupert SR Zimmermann L Shi X Fritsche LG Mukherjee B 1593160722620223542939910.1093/infdis/jiac 136PMC 9047189 · doi ↗ · pubmed ↗