# Predictors of dementia among the oldest old: longitudinal findings from the representative “survey on quality of life and subjective well-being of the very old in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW80+)”

## TL;DR

This study identifies factors linked to dementia in people over 80 years old using longitudinal data from Germany.

## Contribution

The study uses longitudinal, representative data including institutionalized individuals to identify dementia predictors in the oldest old.

## Key findings

- Lower education and smaller social networks are linked to higher dementia risk.
- Higher health literacy and less functional impairment are associated with lower dementia risk.
- Findings suggest targeted interventions may help reduce dementia risk in older women.

## Abstract

Our current study aimed to investigate the determinants of dementia among the oldest old using longitudinal data from a representative sample covering both community-dwelling and institutionalized individuals.

Longitudinal representative data were taken from the “Survey on quality of life and subjective well-being of the very old in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW80+)” that surveyed community-dwelling and institutionalized individuals aged 80 years and above (n = 1,296 observations in the analytic sample), living in North Rhine-Westphalia (most populous state of Germany). The established DemTect was used to measure cognitive impairment (i.e., probable dementia). A logistic random effects model was used to examine the determinants of probable dementia.

The mean age was 86.3 years (SD: 4.2 years). Multiple logistic regressions revealed that a higher likelihood of probable dementia was positively associated with lower education (e.g., low education compared to medium education: OR: 3.31 [95% CI: 1.10–9.98]), a smaller network size (OR: 0.87 [95% CI: 0.79–0.96]), lower health literacy (OR: 0.29 [95% CI: 0.14–0.60]), and higher functional impairment (OR: 13.45 [3.86–46.92]), whereas it was not significantly associated with sex, age, marital status, loneliness, and depressive symptoms in the total sample. Regressions stratified by sex were also reported.

Our study identified factors associated with dementia among the oldest old. This study extends current knowledge by using data from the oldest old; and by presenting findings based on longitudinal, representative data (also including individuals residing in institutionalized settings).

Efforts to increase, among other things, formal education, network size, and health literacy may be fruitful in postponing dementia, particularly among older women. Developing health literacy programs, for example, may be beneficial to reduce the burden associated with dementia.