# Psychological and socio-cultural factors affecting latrine ownership and usage in rural South India

## TL;DR

This study explores why latrine ownership in rural South India doesn't always lead to latrine usage, focusing on psychological and cultural barriers.

## Contribution

The study identifies specific psycho-social, socio-cultural, and structural factors influencing latrine ownership and usage in rural South India.

## Key findings

- Only 54.7% of households owned a latrine, and just 46.8% of those used it regularly.
- Psychological and socio-cultural factors like privacy, convenience, and fear of insects significantly affect latrine usage.
- A combination of behavior change communication and financial support is suggested to improve latrine adoption.

## Abstract

The levels of latrine utilization were lower than the levels of latrine ownership in rural areas owing to certain psycho-social
barriers hindering latrine construction and consistent utilization. The study was aimed to identify the proportion of latrine
construction and usage and to explore the psychological, socio-cultural and structural factors influencing latrine ownership and
utilization. A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out at the four villages of Villupuram district for three months. After
IEC clearance, information was collected from a representative sample of 422 households. Direct observation of the latrines was employed
along with surveys. The data were entered and analysed in MS Excel. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages.
Further, the reasons were categorized into psychological, socio-cultural and structural factors. About 54.7% households owned a latrine
and among them 46.8% were using it. Psycho-social factors such as convenience, habitual nature, privacy and space constraints in open
defecation influenced latrine ownership. Fear of snakes and insects, safety and protection, time saving and proper functioning latrines
with availability of water facilitated latrine utilization are of concern. A multi-faceted strategy employing context-specific behaviour
change communication along with Government's financial support would improve both latrine construction and utilization.