# Three-dimensional models of physeal fractures in the femur for the teaching of veterinary medicine

## TL;DR

This paper introduces 3D-printed models of dog femur physeal fractures for veterinary education, showing they closely resemble real bones and can be used for teaching.

## Contribution

The study presents a novel method for creating accurate and cost-effective 3D-printed models of physeal fractures in dogs for veterinary teaching.

## Key findings

- 3D models accurately replicated bone structures and dimensions of dog femurs.
- Radiographs of the models showed clear radiopaque and radiolucent areas for anatomical visualization.
- The models effectively demonstrated the Salter-Harris classification despite challenges in distinguishing cortical and medullary regions.

## Abstract

To develop and assess three-dimensional models of physeal fractures in dog femurs (3D MPFDF) using radiographic imaging.

The study was conducted in three phases: development of 3D MPFDF; radiographic examination of the 3D MPFDF; and comparative analysis of the anatomical and radiographic features of the 3D MPFDF.

The base model and the 3D MPFDF achieved high fidelity in replicating the bone structures, accurately maintaining the morphological characteristics and dimensions such as length, width, and thickness, closely resembling natural bone. The radiographs of the 3D MPFDF displayed distinct radiopaque and radiolucent areas, enabling clear visualization of the various anatomical structures of the femur. However, in these radiographs, it was challenging to distinguish between the cortical and medullary regions due to the use of 99% internal padding in the printing process. Despite this limitation, the radiographs successfully demonstrated the representation of the Salter-Harris classification.

This paper presents a pioneering project focused on technological advancement aimed at developing a method for the rapid and cost-effective production of three-printed models and radiographs of physeal fractures in dogs.