# Carl Flügge, one of the last holistic hygienists and discoverer of droplet transmission of infectious diseases

## TL;DR

Carl Flügge was a pioneering hygienist who studied how diseases spread through droplets and emphasized the importance of environmental health for community well-being.

## Contribution

The paper highlights Flügge's holistic approach to hygiene and his role in establishing environmental health as a key aspect of disease prevention.

## Key findings

- Flügge demonstrated that infectious diseases like tuberculosis spread through respiratory droplets.
- He promoted breastfeeding and cough etiquette as preventive measures against infections.
- Flügge integrated diverse factors like sanitation and climate into the study of hygiene.

## Abstract

Carl Flügge is best known for the promotion of studies demonstrating the transmission of all manner of infections, but particularly tuberculosis, by coughed droplets. But it is seldom recognised that Flügge was also influential in a number of other fields comprising the practice of hygiene. One-hundred years following his death in 1923, we review literature related to the studies of Flügge and his colleagues and students and illustrate the particular emphasis he laid upon the environment within which disease and its transmission might be fostered or prevented, embracing and studying aspects essential to the health of any community ranging from fundamental microbiology in the laboratory to subjects as disparate as housing, clean water supply, nutrition, sanitation, socio-economic circumstances and climate. Very early in his career he promoted breast feeding for the prevention of seasonal gastro-enteritis and later the sheltering of cough as a means of preventing the transmission of infected respiratory droplets, not only as regards tuberculosis, but also concerning all manner of other respiratory infections. By the time of Flügge’s death the complexification of available scientific methodologies comprising hygiene made it difficult for any individual to comprehend and study the wide range of hygiene-related subjects such as Flügge did. Carl Flügge was one of the last holistic hygienists and an originator of the study of environmental health as a pillar of hygiene.