# Home environment factors associated with child BMI changes during COVID-19 pandemic

## TL;DR

This study found that children with less healthy home environments gained more weight during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Contribution

The study links home environment factors to changes in child BMI during the pandemic using the FNPA tool.

## Key findings

- Children in the lowest FNPA tertile had the highest BMI increase during the early pandemic.
- FNPA summary scores were significantly associated with BMI changes in the early pandemic period.
- The association between home environment and BMI change weakened in the later pandemic period.

## Abstract

The influence of home obesogenic environments, as assessed by the validated Family Nutrition and Physical Activity (FNPA) tool, and child obesity during the COVID pandemic were evaluated using electronic health records in this retrospective cohort study.

Historical data on BMI and the FNPA screening tool were obtained from annual well-child visits within the Geisinger Health System. The study examined youth ages 2–17 that had a BMI record and an FNPA assessment prior to the pandemic (BMI 3/1/19–2/29/20), 1 BMI record 3 months into the pandemic (6/1/20–12/31/20) and 1 BMI in the second year of the pandemic (1/1/21–12/31/21). Tertiles of obesity risk by FNPA score were examined. Mixed-effects linear regression was used to examine change in BMI slope (kg/m2 per month) pre-pandemic to pandemic using FNPA summary and subscales scores as predictors and adjusting for confounding factors.

The analyses included 6,746 children (males: 51.7%, non-Hispanic white: 86.6%, overweight:14.8%, obesity:10.3%, severe obesity: 3.9%; mean(SD) age: 5.7(2.8) years). The rate of BMI change in BMI was greatest from early pandemic compared to pre-pandemic for children in lowest versus highest tertiles of FNPA summary score (0.079 vs. 0.044 kg/m2), FNPA-Eating (0.068 vs. 0.049 kg/m2), and FNPA-Activity (0.078 vs. 0.052 kg/m2). FNPA summary score was significantly associated with change in BMI from the pre-pandemic to early pandemic period (p = 0.014), but not associated with change in BMI during the later pandemic period.

This study provides additional insight into the changes in the rate of BMI change observed among children and adolescents in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. The FNPA provides ample opportunity to continue our exploration of the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the longitudinal growth patterns among children and adolescents.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-024-01634-2.