Typhoid fever: the challenging diagnosis of a pseudo-outbreak in Benguet, Philippines

TL;DR

A study in the Philippines found that typhoid fever cases were overreported in a local area, highlighting the need for better diagnostic guidelines and testing.

Contribution

The study identifies a pseudo-outbreak of typhoid fever due to overreporting and suggests improvements in diagnostic practices.

Findings

Most reported typhoid cases in Buguias did not meet the case definition criteria.

Over 90% of verified typhoid cases relied on springs for drinking water.

The study emphasizes the need for improved typhoid diagnosis and confirmatory testing in the Philippines.

Abstract

The event-based surveillance and response report from the municipality of Buguias in the Philippines covering the period 1 January to 29 October 2022 indicated an unusual increase in the number of typhoid cases that surpassed the epidemic threshold for consecutive weeks. An investigation was conducted to confirm the existence of an outbreak, identify the source(s) of transmission and recommend prevention and control measures.

The investigation employed a descriptive design. Medical records were reviewed to verify diagnoses and to identify cases that met case definitions. Key informant interviews were conducted to identify possible sources of transmission and investigate the reporting of cases in the Philippine Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response (PIDSR) system.

A total of 220 cases of typhoid fever were captured by the PIDSR system. Of the 208 suspected cases that were reviewed, only 15 (7.2%) met the case definition used in this investigation. Fourteen of these 15 verified cases were interviewed; five (35.7%) were farmers and 13 (92.8%) reported using springs as their main water source and source of drinking-water. Reporting of cases in the PIDSR system was largely based on the final chart diagnosis or a positive Typhidot or Tubex rapid diagnostic test result. The PIDSR case definition was not followed in the reporting of cases.

This study provides evidence of endemicity of typhoid fever in Buguias, Benguet, Philippines. However, from January to October 2022, cases were overreported by the surveillance system. Medical record reviews showed that most reported suspected cases did not meet case definition criteria. This finding emphasizes the need to improve typhoid guidelines with regards to diagnosis using rapid diagnostic tests and to investigate the cost–effectiveness of making confirmatory laboratory tests for typhoid available in the Philippines.

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