# Whole-genome demography of COVID-19 virus during its pandemic period and on “panvalent” vaccine design

## TL;DR

This study analyzes the genomic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic to inform the design of broad-spectrum vaccines.

## Contribution

The discovery of four major genomic groups with highly conserved variant genotypes suggests a new approach to vaccine design.

## Key findings

- Approximately 44,000 unique SARS-CoV-2 variants grouped into four major genomic clusters.
- Each cluster contains highly conserved variant genotypes that may predict future mutations.
- Ancestral group genotypes were inherited by descendant groups, suggesting evolutionary patterns.

## Abstract

With over 16 million submitted genomic sequences, the SARS-CoV-2 (SC2) virus, the cause of the most recent worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, has become the most sequenced genome of all known viruses, revealing, for example, a vast number of expanding viral lineages. Since the pandemic phase appears to be over, we performed a retrospective re-examination of the demographic grouping pattern and their genomic characteristics during the entire pandemic period up to the peak of the last pandemic wave. For our study, we extracted from the NCBI only unique viral sequences and converted each sequence data to a relational vector, indicating the presence/absence of each variational event compared to a “reference” sequence. Our study revealed several genomic features that are unexpected or different from those of previous studies. For example, approximately 44,000 variants with unique sequences emerged during the pandemic period; they group into only four major viral-genomic groups and each has a set of mostly unique highly-conserved variant-genotypes (HCVGs); and a small set from the first (“ancestral”) group was inherited by the three (“descendant”) groups, suggesting that HCVGs in the next group may be predictable from the current group(s). Such a concept may be potentially important in designing “panvalent” vaccines against the current and future waves of viral infections.