# Photocatalytic degradation of indigo carmine dye by hydrothermally synthesized graphene nanodots (GNDs): investigation of kinetics and thermodynamics

## TL;DR

This paper explores the use of graphene nano dots to degrade indigo carmine dye under UV-visible light, analyzing the process's efficiency and influencing factors.

## Contribution

The study introduces hydrothermally synthesized graphene nano dots as efficient photocatalysts for dye degradation, with detailed kinetic and thermodynamic analysis.

## Key findings

- Graphene nano dots effectively degrade indigo carmine dye under UV-visible light.
- The study identifies optimal conditions for dye degradation, including temperature and catalyst concentration.
- Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters confirm the efficiency of the photocatalytic process.

## Abstract

Graphene nano dots (GNDs) are an intriguing emerging class of materials at the nano scale with distinctive characteristics and exciting potential applications. Graphene oxide was synthesized in a lab setting using a modified version of Hummers' approach and used as a precursor for synthesis of graphene nano dots. Graphene oxide is then treated through hydrothermal treatment to produce GNDs with exact control over their size and form. Synthesized graphene nano dots were subjected to various instruments to study morphology, crystallinity, size and other properties. UV-visible spectroscopy was used to detect the maximum absorbance of light. For functional group identification, FTIR analysis was conducted. X-ray diffraction analysis explained structural composition and various other parameters i.e., crystal size and diameter, which was further verified by Vesta software. Surface morphology of GNDs was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. AFM analysis of GNDs demonstrates the topography of the surface. The photo degradation of the indigo carmine dye by the GNDs also demonstrates their superiority as UV-visible light driven photo catalysts. To evaluate the results, the thermodynamics and kinetics of the degradation reactions are examined. The effects of several factors, such as temperature, initial concentration, time, pH and catalyst concentration, are also investigated. The data will be analyzed statistically by regression and correlation analysis using dependent and independent variables, regression coefficient and other statistical techniques.

All the data have been shared in the manuscript. However, the data are also available on request via email from the corresponding author.