# Airports for the genetic rescue of a former agricultural pest

## TL;DR

Airport fields can help save endangered European ground squirrels by boosting genetic diversity and fitness.

## Contribution

Airport habitats are identified as potential sources for genetic rescue of isolated squirrel populations.

## Key findings

- Airport colonies showed higher individual heterozygosity than pasture colonies.
- Airport habitats may serve as a source for translocations to preserve genetic diversity.
- Human-made grasslands can support keystone species conservation.

## Abstract

The intensification of agricultural practices and urbanisation are widespread causes of biodiversity loss. However, the role of artificial habitats in genetic rescue is an aspect that is not well understood. Implementing genetic rescue measures to improve gene flow and maintain a viable population of keystone species is a crucial prerequisite for promoting diverse and resilient ecosystems. Landscape fragmentation and modern agricultural methods have caused the decline and the isolation of the remnant colonies of the endangered European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) throughout its range. However, the artificial habitat, such as airport fields with regular grass mowing, provides suitable conditions for this grassland specialist. We measured home range size and genetic variation of seven souslik colonies in western Slovakia. Based on the 6904 ddRAD SNPs, we found significantly higher individual heterozygosity in colonies on airports compared to colonies on pastures. This indicates a potential for higher fitness of individuals from airport colonies, which can serve as a source for evidence-based translocations. Such an intervention can preserve the genetic diversity of small and isolated populations in the region. We emphasize that conservation management strategies would be strengthened including a specific focus on human-made grassland habitats.