# Temporal Dynamics of Airborne Concentrations of Ganoderma Basidiospores and Their Relationship with Environmental Conditions in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis)

## TL;DR

This study examines how Ganoderma basidiospores spread in oil palm plantations in Colombia and how environmental factors influence their airborne concentrations.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into the temporal dynamics and environmental correlations of Ganoderma spore dispersal in oil palm plantations.

## Key findings

- Higher basidiospore concentrations were found below 4 m, peaking at 02:00 h.
- Spore release was higher during drier periods and correlated with wind speed below 1.5 m/s.
- Higher wind speeds may facilitate long-distance spread of the pathogen.

## Abstract

Basal Stem Rot (BSR), caused by Ganoderma spp., is one of the most important emerging diseases of oil palm in Colombia and is so far restricted to only two producing areas in the country. However, despite the controls established to prevent its spread to new areas, containment has not been possible. This study aimed to understand BSR’s propagation mechanisms and related environmental conditions by measuring Ganoderma basidiospores’ concentrations at various heights using four 7-day Burkard volumetric samplers in a heavily affected plantation. Meteorological data, including solar radiation, temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind speed, were also recorded. Analysis revealed higher basidiospore concentrations below 4 m, peaking at 02:00 h, with increased levels towards the study’s end. Spore concentrations were not directly influenced by temperature, humidity, or precipitation, but showed higher releases during drier periods. A significant correlation was found between wind speed and spore concentration, particularly below 1.5 m/s, though higher speeds might aid long-distance pathogen spread. This study highlights the complexity of BSR propagation and the need for continued monitoring and research to manage its impact on Colombia’s oil palm industry.