# Epidemiology and Management Paradigm of Head and Neck Infections, Including COVID-19 Pandemic Period: A 10-Year Retrospective Study in a Maxillofacial Center of Cluj-Napoca

## TL;DR

This study examines head and neck infections, including trends during the COVID-19 pandemic, in a maxillofacial center over 10 years.

## Contribution

The study provides insights into the epidemiology and management of odontogenic infections during and before the pandemic.

## Key findings

- Head and neck infection cases doubled during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic years.
- Submandibular space infections were most common, with teeth as the primary cause.
- Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species were the prevalent pathogens in positive antibiograms.

## Abstract

Background. The management of odontogenic infections varies across the globe. To shed light on the subject, this study delves into the practices of the Oral and Maxillofacial Department at Cluj-Napoca County Hospital. Material and Methods. This comprehensive retrospective analysis of 10 years of clinical experience covered a range of factors, including demographics, clinical and investigations factors, medical and surgical treatment approaches, and follow-up. Additionally, the study examined the change in trends over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results. While head and neck infection occurrence had a decreasing trend before the COVID-19 pandemic, during the pandemic era the number of patients almost doubled. The infections were prevalent in the submandibular space, teeth being the prevalent cause. Young adults are prone to suffer from odontogenic infections. High levels of C reactive protein, ASA II-IV risk, and hepatic dysfunction indicated a longer time of hospitalization. The majority of antibiograms were negative, and the positive ones indicated Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species as prevalent pathogens. Extra- or intraoral surgical drainage and wide-spectrum antibiotics proved to be the workhorse for odontogenic infections. Conclusion. This study advances our understanding of oral and maxillofacial surgery and offers actionable strategies for improving patient outcomes in similar healthcare institutions worldwide.