# Neurocognitive Profile in Pediatric Kidney Transplant Candidates: Effects of Medical and Sociodemographic Factors

## TL;DR

This study finds that medical and sociodemographic factors affect neurocognitive abilities in children awaiting kidney transplants.

## Contribution

The study identifies specific associations between kidney disease etiology, dialysis, neighborhood deprivation, and race with neurocognitive subdomains in pediatric transplant candidates.

## Key findings

- Patients with congenital kidney anomalies had lower processing speed than those with nephrotic syndrome.
- Children in high-deprivation neighborhoods showed reduced working memory performance.
- Marginalized racial groups had lower verbal skills compared to White patients.

## Abstract

We evaluated the effects of kidney failure etiology, dialysis, and sociodemographic factors on the subdomains of intellectual functioning in pediatric kidney transplant candidates.

This retrospective study included 78 pediatric kidney transplant candidates who completed a Wechsler Intelligence Scale assessment during pre-transplant neuropsychological evaluation between 1/1/2010 and 10/31/2022. Linear regression models were employed to examine the effects of kidney failure etiology, dialysis status, neighborhood area deprivation, and race on subdomains of intellectual functioning.

The mean scores of various intellectual functioning domains in pediatric kidney transplant candidates were significantly lower than in the general population (ps <0.001). After adjusting for covariates, patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract had significantly lower processing speed (M=85; 95% CI: 79–91) compared to patients with nephrotic syndrome (M=99; 95% CI: 90–107) and other etiologies (M=84; 95% CI: 78–90) (p=0.003). Patients living in high-level deprivation neighborhoods showed lower working memory performance (M=84, 95% CI: 77–91) than patients living in median-level (M=91, 95% CI: 87–95) and low-level (M=98, 95% CI: 92–104) neighborhood area deprivation (p=0.03). Patients from marginalized racial groups demonstrated lower verbal skills (M=80, 95% CI: 74–87) than White patients (M=92, 95% CI: 88–97) (p=0.02). Additionally, patients receiving dialysis showed higher reasoning skills (M=98, 95% CI: 90–104) than patients without dialysis (M= 90, 95% CI: 86–95) (p=0.04).

Neurocognitive development in pediatric kidney transplant candidates is associated with medical and sociodemographic factors. Strategies to monitor, treat, and accommodate neurocognitive concerns need to be considered to optimize long-term medical and social outcomes.