# Dopamine Receptors and TAAR1 Functional Interaction Patterns in the Duodenum Are Impaired in Gastrointestinal Disorders

## TL;DR

This study shows that dopamine receptors and TAAR1 in the duodenum have disrupted gene interactions in gastrointestinal disorders like functional dyspepsia and diabetes.

## Contribution

The paper reveals novel gene co-expression patterns of dopamine receptors and TAAR1 in healthy and diseased duodenum tissues.

## Key findings

- DRD2 and TAAR1 co-expressed genes align with their known roles in enteric neurons and secretory cells.
- Functional dyspepsia and diabetes disrupt co-expression patterns of dopamine receptors and TAAR1.
- Altered gene interactions suggest TAAR1 and D5 receptors may be involved in disease processes.

## Abstract

Currently, there is a growing amount of evidence for the involvement of dopamine receptors and the functionally related trace amine-associated receptor, TAAR1, in upper intestinal function. In the present study, we analyzed their expression in the duodenum using publicly accessible transcriptomic data. We revealed the expression of DRD1, DRD2, DRD4, DRD5, and TAAR1 genes in different available datasets. The results of the gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis for DRD2 and especially TAAR1 co-expressed genes were consistent with the previously described localization of D2 and TAAR1 in enteric neurons and secretory cells, respectively. Considering that co-expressed genes are more likely to be involved in the same biological processes, we analyzed genes that are co-expressed with TAAR1, DRD2, DRD4, and DRD5 genes in healthy mucosa and duodenal samples from patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) or diabetes-associated gastrointestinal symptoms. Both pathological conditions showed a deregulation of co-expression patterns, with a high discrepancy between DRDs and TAAR1 co-expressed gene sets in normal tissues and patients’ samples and a loss of these genes’ functional similarity. Meanwhile, we discovered specific changes in co-expression patterns that may suggest the involvement of TAAR1 and D5 receptors in pathologic or compensatory processes in FD or diabetes accordingly. Despite our findings suggesting the possible role of TAAR1 and dopamine receptors in functional diseases of the upper intestine, underlying mechanisms need experimental exploration and validation.