# Osteoarticular Tuberculosis of the Knee as a Unique Presentation in a 10-month-old Infant: A Rare Case of a Commonly Delayed Diagnosis

**Authors:** Carlos Gottschalk, Emanuela da Rocha Carvalho

PMC · DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1748944 · Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia · 2022-06-02

## TL;DR

A 10-month-old infant presented with knee tuberculosis, a rare condition that was diagnosed using a molecular test after traditional methods failed.

## Contribution

Highlights the use of rapid molecular testing for diagnosing osteoarticular tuberculosis in infants with inconclusive traditional methods.

## Key findings

- Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA was detected using GeneXpert in a case with negative culture and inconclusive pathology.
- The patient showed complete clinical and radiographic recovery after antituberculosis treatment.
- The case underscores the need for early specific testing for tuberculosis in atypical arthritis presentations.

## Abstract

Osteoarticular tuberculosis of the knee is an uncommon disease presentation, especially in children under 1 year old. Diagnosis based on classic methods (such as culture and anatomopathological examination) is a challenge due to the paucibacillary characteristic of the infection. Risk factors include contact with individuals with bacilliferous tuberculosis, living in a region with high disease prevalence, and pediatric age group. We describe a case of chronic monoarthritis caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and intermittent inflammatory manifestations in a 10-month-old male patient with no extra-articular symptoms and no history of contact with bacilliferous tuberculosis. The culture was negative, and the anatomopathological examination was inconclusive for the etiologic agent. The detection of traces of
M. tuberculosis
DNA by a rapid molecular test (GeneXpert) based on the polymerase chain reaction technique established the diagnosis. The treatment consisted of antituberculosis drugs and led to complete resolution of the clinical-radiographic picture. This case emphasizes the importance of considering tuberculosis in the initial differential etiologic diagnoses of arthritis and, therefore, the need for an early, specific investigation, even when the clinical suspicion is not high.

A tuberculose osteoarticular do joelho é uma apresentação incomum da doença, especialmente em crianças com menos de 1 ano de idade. A característica paucibacilar da infecção torna o diagnóstico um desafio, levando em consideração métodos mais clássicos como a cultura e o anatomopatológico. Os fatores de risco são contato com indivíduos com tuberculose bacilífera, estar em uma região de alta prevalência, e populações pediátricas. O presente relato descreve um caso de monoartrite por
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, de curso crônico e manifestações inflamatórias intermitentes em um paciente masculino de 10 meses, sem sintomatologia extra-articular e sem história de convívio ou contato prévio com tuberculose bacilífera. A cultura foi negativa e o exame anatomopatológico foi inconclusivo para o agente etiológico e o diagnóstico foi realizado pela detecção de traços de DNA de
M. tuberculosis
no teste rápido molecular (GeneXpert), utilizando a técnica da reação em cadeia da polimerase. O tratamento foi realizado com medicamentos antituberculose e houve resolução completa do quadro clínico-radiográfico. Este caso enfatiza a importância de considerar a tuberculose como parte dos diagnósticos etiológicos diferenciais iniciais das artrites e, portanto, a necessidade da investigação precoce específica a esta bactéria, ainda que a suspeição clínica não seja elevada.

## Linked entities

- **Diseases:** tuberculosis (MONDO:0018076), arthritis (MONDO:0005578)
- **Species:** Mycobacterium tuberculosis (taxon 1773)

## Full-text entities

- **Diseases:** infection (MESH:D007239), arthritis (MESH:D001168), Osteoarticular Tuberculosis of the Knee (MESH:D014394), chronic monoarthritis (MESH:D002908), inflammatory (MESH:D007249), bacilliferous tuberculosis (MESH:D014376)
- **Species:** Mycobacterium tuberculosis (species) [taxon 1773], Homo sapiens (human, species) [taxon 9606]

## Full text

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## Figures

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## References

10 references — full list in the complete paper: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC11254435/full.md

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Source: https://tomesphere.com/paper/PMC11254435