Ambulatory Management of Bite Injuries to the Hand: A Safe and Cost-Effective Option

TL;DR

This paper shows that managing hand bites on an outpatient basis is safe and reduces costs without increasing complications.

Contribution

The study introduces a new ambulatory management protocol for hand bites that reduces hospital stays and costs.

Findings

Average inpatient stay decreased from 2.36 to 0.56 days after implementing the new protocol.

Cost per patient episode dropped by 40% without compromising patient safety.

No documented cases of osteomyelitis were reported following the new outpatient approach.

Abstract

Introduction

Animal or human hand bites are a common presentation to the emergency department. If hand bites are not treated adequately, they can give rise to significant local and systemic complications, potentially leading to functional deficits that impact patients' lives.

Traditionally, hand bites require hospital admission for the administration of intravenous antibiotics and, in some cases, surgical intervention. A combination of the increasing incidence, hospital admission rates, and in-patient bed pressures prompted a change in our bite management protocol and a move toward ambulatory management of bite injuries. We found this new protocol to be safe, efficient, and cost-effective with a scope for wider implementation.

Aim

The primary outcome is to assess the feasibility of safely managing hand bites on an outpatient basis, by reviewing the local data before and after the change in practice. The secondary outcome is to compare the financial implications of treating hand bites with an outpatient approach.

Material and methods

All first-presentation adult consultations referred to Trauma and Orthopaedics from the emergency department over a three-month snapshot period were reviewed in 2017. This was repeated after the implementation of the updated handbite guidelines in 2023. Initial admission documentation as well as operation notes and clinic follow-up letters were each reviewed retrospectively.

Results

In 2017, 36 patients were identified over three months. The average time to surgery was 1.19 days with an average inpatient stay of 2.36 days. There were two re-operations and follow-up of two cases of osteomyelitis.

In 2023, 63 patients were identified over three months. The average time to surgery was 1.03 days with an average inpatient stay of 0.56 days. Thirty-seven surgeries were performed for 33 patients with 32% (20/63) of patients admitted directly from the emergency department. There were no documented cases of osteomyelitis on follow-up. The cost per patient episode decreased by 40% from 2017 to 2023, without accounting for inflation.

Conclusions

With the implementation of the new departmental guidelines, there has been a reduced average inpatient stay and reduced time to surgery without an increase in documented osteomyelitis. There is also a significant decrease in the average patient cost. This data suggests that without compromising patient safety it is possible to cost-effectively manage hand bites without the need for long inpatient stays.

However, it is imperative that there is close patient follow-up as well as prompt time to surgery to ensure patient safety. Our findings suggest a need for further research to strengthen the evidence supporting our conclusions.

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