# Reproducible protocol for the extraction and semi-automated quantification of macroscopic charcoal from soil

## TL;DR

This paper provides a detailed, reproducible protocol for extracting and measuring charcoal fragments in soil to study past fires.

## Contribution

A standardized, semi-automated protocol for soil macrocharcoal extraction and quantification using open-source tools.

## Key findings

- The protocol was tested on 339 soil samples from tropical savannas and forests in Bolivia.
- The method successfully isolates macrocharcoal and measures fragment characteristics like area, length, and width.

## Abstract

Charcoal fragments preserved in soils or sediments are used by scientists to reconstruct fire histories and thereby improve our understanding of past vegetation dynamics and human-plant relationships. Unfortunately, most published methods for charcoal extraction and analysis are incompletely described and are therefore difficult to reproduce. To improve the standardization and replicability of soil charcoal analysis, as well as to facilitate accessibility for non-experts, we developed a detailed, step-by-step protocol to isolate charcoal from soil and to efficiently count and measure charcoal fragments. The extraction phase involves the chemical soaking and wet sieving of soils followed by the collection of macrocharcoal (≥500 μm). The analysis phase is performed semi-automatically using the open-source software ImageJ to count and measure the area, length, and width of fragments from light stereo microscope images by means of threshold segmentation. The protocol yields clean charcoal fragments, a set of charcoal images, and datasets containing total charcoal mass, number of fragments, and morphological measurements (area, length, and width) for each sample. We tested and validated the protocol on 339 soil samples from tropical savannas and forests in eastern lowland Bolivia. We hope that this protocol will be a valuable resource for scientists in a variety of fields who currently study, or wish to study, macroscopic charcoal in soils as a proxy for past fires.