# Deciphering Immune Responses to Immunization via Transcriptional Analysis: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence towards Personalized Vaccination Strategies

## TL;DR

This review explores how vaccines affect gene activity in the immune system, aiming to improve personalized vaccination strategies.

## Contribution

The paper provides a narrative review of transcriptional responses to vaccines, highlighting potential biomarkers and age-related effects.

## Key findings

- Transcriptional responses to vaccines vary among different populations, including the elderly and children.
- Transcriptomics can identify biomarkers that predict vaccine immunogenicity.
- Age influences transcriptional responses, suggesting personalized vaccination approaches.

## Abstract

The development of vaccines has drastically reduced the mortality and morbidity of several diseases. Despite the great success of vaccines, the immunological processes involved in protective immunity are not fully understood and several issues remain to be elucidated. Recently, the advent of high-throughput technologies has enabled a more in-depth investigation of the immune system as a whole and the characterization of the interactions of numerous components of immunity. In the field of vaccinology, these tools allow for the exploration of the molecular mechanisms by which vaccines can induce protective immune responses. In this review, we aim to describe current data on transcriptional responses to vaccination, focusing on similarities and differences of vaccine-induced transcriptional responses among vaccines mostly in healthy adults, but also in high-risk populations, such as the elderly and children. Moreover, the identification of potential predictive biomarkers of vaccine immunogenicity, the effect of age on transcriptional response and future perspectives for the utilization of transcriptomics in the field of vaccinology will be discussed.