# The Effects of Sociodemographic Factors and BMI on Weight Stigma Among Adults With Obesity in Madinah Region, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study

## TL;DR

This study explores how sociodemographic factors and BMI influence weight stigma among adults with obesity in Madinah, Saudi Arabia.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into weight stigma in Saudi Arabia, particularly in Madinah, and highlights the role of family history of obesity.

## Key findings

- Individuals without a family history of obesity experienced higher weight stigma levels.
- Those with obesity had lower weight stigma compared to those without obesity.

## Abstract

Introduction

Weight stigma (WS), characterized by discrimination and stereotyping based on a person’s weight, remains understudied in Saudi Arabia despite the country’s high obesity rates. Particularly, limited research has been conducted on WS in Madinah. Understanding the factors contributing to WS in this region is crucial for developing targeted interventions to effectively address it. Hence, this study aimed to explore the effects of sociodemographic characteristics and body mass index (BMI) on WS among adults with obesity in Madinah.

Methods

Individuals with obesity who were seeking care at primary healthcare centers were included in this study. This research was an analytical cross-sectional study; Madinah City was divided into four areas. One primary health center from each area was randomly selected. Subsequently, a consecutive sampling technique was used to collect questionnaires from participants during the period of December 2023 to March 2024. The participants completed a self-administered electronic questionnaire, which included the Arabic-translated and validated version of the Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire (WSSQ). Data analysis included descriptive, simple logistic regression and multiple logistic regression with forward stepwise analysis.

Results

A total of 383 participants completed the questionnaire, of which 225 (58.7%) were men and 158 (41.3%) were women. The analysis showed that individuals without a family history of obesity experienced higher WS levels than those with a family history [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.853, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.010-2.844]. Moreover, individuals with obesity demonstrated the lowest WS levels than those without obesity (AOR = 0.027, 95% CI: 0.009-0.08). These findings provide insights into the association among sociodemographic factors, BMI, and WS in adults with obesity residing in Madinah, Saudi Arabia.

Conclusion

This study provides evidence that WS is a complex issue that is not solely determined by an individual’s obesity status; rather, it is influenced by a lack of family history of obesity, which establishes the impact of social factors on WS. Therefore, comprehending the role of family dynamics and societal norms in shaping an individual's weight status is crucial in managing WS.