# Exploring the Efficacy of Using Geotrichum fermentans, Rhodotorula rubra, Kluyveromyce marxiamus, Clay Minerals, and Walnut Nutshells for Mycotoxin Remediation

## TL;DR

This study tested various biological compounds and materials to see how well they can reduce harmful mycotoxins in a simulated digestive system.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel in vitro model to evaluate the detoxifying potential of specific fungi, clay minerals, and walnut nutshells against multiple mycotoxins.

## Key findings

- G. fermentans cell wall polysaccharides and walnut nutshells were most effective for AFB1 detoxification.
- R. rubra and red clay minerals showed high efficacy in reducing ZEA and DON concentrations.
- R. rubra cell walls and G. fermentans polysaccharides were effective against T-2 toxin.

## Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of nine different biological compounds to reduce mycotoxins concentrations. The hypothesis of this study was that a static in vitro gastrointestinal tract model, as an initial screening tool, can be used to simulate the efficacy of Geotrichum fermentans, Rhodotorula rubra, Kluyveromyce marxiamus yeast cell walls and their polysaccharides, red and white clay minerals, and walnuts nutshells claiming to detoxify AFB1, ZEA, DON, and T-2 toxin mycotoxins. Mycotoxin concentrations were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescent (FLD) and ultraviolet detectors (UV). The greatest effects on reducing mycotoxin concentrations were determined as follows: for AFB1, inserted G. fermentans cell wall polysaccharides and walnut nutshells; for ZEA, inserted R. rubra and G. fermentans cell walls and red clay minerals; for DON, R. rubra cell wall polysaccharides and red clay minerals; and for T-2 toxin, R. rubra cell walls, K. marxianus, and G. fermentans cell wall polysaccharides and walnut nutshells. The present study indicated that selected mycotoxin-detoxifying biological compounds can be used to decrease mycotoxin concentrations.