# Degradation and Recondensation of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Laminar Premixed Flames

## TL;DR

This study examines how metal oxide nanoparticles like titania and ceria change in high-temperature flames, showing they reform into smaller particles before evaporating.

## Contribution

The paper provides new experimental evidence on nanoparticle reformation and vaporization in flames below their evaporation temperatures.

## Key findings

- Titania and ceria nanoparticle agglomerates reform into small nanoparticles (<10 nm) at temperatures below their melting points.
- Maximum flame temperatures are below the evaporation temperatures of titania and ceria, suggesting enhanced vaporization in the flame.
- High-temperature measurements and equilibrium calculations confirm nanoparticle behavior under thermal treatment conditions.

## Abstract

The behavior of technical nanoparticles at high temperatures was measured systematically to detect morphology changes under conditions relevant to the thermal treatment of end-of-life products containing engineered nanomaterials. The focus of this paper is on laboratory experiments, where we used a Bunsen-type burner to add titania and ceria particles to a laminar premixed flame. To evaluate the influence of temperature on particle size distributions, we used SMPS, ELPI and TEM analyses. To measure the temperature profile of the flame, we used coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS). The comprehensible data records show high temperatures by measurement and equilibrium calculation for different stoichiometries and argon admixtures. With this, we show that all technical metal oxide nanoparticle agglomerates investigated reform in flames at high temperatures. The originally large agglomerates of titania and ceria build very small nanoparticles (<10 nm/“peak 2”) at starting temperatures of <2200 K and <1475 K, respectively (ceria: Tmelt = 2773 K, Tboil = 3873 K/titania: Tmelt = 2116 K, Tboil = 3245 K). Since the maximum flame temperatures are below the evaporation temperature of titania and ceria, enhanced vaporization of titania and ceria in the chemically reacting flame is assumed.