# Immunotherapy Applications for Thymine Dimers and WT1 Antigen in Renal Cancers: A Comparative Statistical Analysis

## TL;DR

This study compares WT1 antigen and thymine dimers as potential biomarkers in kidney cancer, finding that thymine dimers are more prevalent and correlated with tumor cellularity.

## Contribution

The study presents a novel comparative statistical analysis of WT1 and thymine dimers as potential biomarkers in renal cell carcinoma.

## Key findings

- Thymine dimers showed higher prevalence and significant correlation with tumor cellularity compared to WT1.
- Thymine dimers were frequently reactive in the tumor microenvironment and renal tubular cells.
- WT1 expression was rare and inconsistent in tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment.

## Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains incurable in advanced stages. Biomarkers have proven to be quite useful in cancer therapeutics. Herein, we provide a comparative/integrative statistical analysis of seminal immunohistochemistry (IHC) findings for Wilms’ Tumor 1 antigen (WT1) and thymine dimers (TDs), emerging as atypical, yet promising, potential biomarkers for RCCs. We assessed WT1/TD reactivity in adult RCC tumor cells, tumor microenvironment (TME), and tumor-adjacent healthy renal tissue (HRT). WT1 positivity was scarce and strictly nuclear in tumor cells, whereas TD-reactive tumor tissues were prevalent. We report statistically significant positive correlations between the density of reactive RCC cellularity and the intensity of nuclear staining for both biomarkers (WT1 − rho = 0.341, p-value = 0.036; TDs − rho = 0.379, p-value = 0.002). RCC stromal TME TD-positivity was much more frequent than WT1 reactivity, apparently proportional to that of the proper RCC cellularity and facilitated by extensive RCC inflammatory infiltration. TDs exhibited nuclear reactivity for most TME cell lines, while RCC TME WT1 expression was rare and inconsistent. In HRTs, TDs were entirely restricted to renal tubular cells, the likely cellular progenitor of most conventional RCC subtypes. In lieu of proper validation, these early findings have significant implications regarding the origins/biology of RCCs and may inform RCC therapeutics, both accounting for the high frequency of immunotherapy-permissive frameshift indels in RCCs, but also hinting at novel predictive clinical tools for WT1-targeted immunotherapy. Overall, the current study represents a meek yet hopefully significant step towards understanding the molecular biology and potential therapeutic targets of RCCs.