# Unraveling the Roles of Neuropeptides in the Chemosensation of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica

## TL;DR

This study identifies neuropeptides in root-knot nematodes that help them sense plant roots, offering new targets for controlling these pests.

## Contribution

The study reveals specific neuropeptides in Meloidogyne javanica involved in chemosensation, providing novel targets for nematode control.

## Key findings

- Genes related to chemosensation in M. javanica responded strongly to tomato root exudate within 1 hour.
- The neuropeptide MjFLP-14-2 was shown to influence nematode chemotaxis toward plant roots.
- Putative neuropeptide families like FLPs, ILPs, and NLPs were identified through homology analysis.

## Abstract

The identification of novel drug targets in plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) is imperative due to the loss of traditional nematicides and a lack of replacements. Chemosensation, which is pivotal for PPNs in locating host roots, has become a focus in nematode behavioral research. However, its underlying molecular basis is still indistinct in such a diverse group of PPNs. To characterize genes participating in chemosensation in the Javanese root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica, RNA-sequencing of the second-stage juveniles (J2s) treated with tomato root exudate (TRE) for 1 h and 6 h was performed. Genes related to chemosensation in M. javanica mainly responded to TRE treatment at 1 h. Moreover, a gene ontology (GO) analysis underscored the significance of the neuropeptide G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway. Consequently, the repertoire of putative neuropeptides in M. javanica, including FMRFamide-like peptides (FLPs), insulin-like peptides (ILPs), and neuropeptide-like peptides (NLPs), were outlined based on a homology analysis. The gene Mjflp-14a, harboring two neuropeptides, was significantly up-regulated at 1 h TRE treatment. Through peptide synthesis and J2 treatment, one of the two neuropeptides (MjFLP-14-2) was proven to influence the J2 chemotaxis towards tomato root tips. Overall, our study reinforces the potential of nematode neuropeptides as novel targets and tools for root-knot nematode control.