# Childhood Adversities and the ATTACHTM Program’s Influence on Immune Cell Gene Expression

## TL;DR

The study found that maternal childhood adversity is linked to increased inflammation in children, but a parenting program can reduce this effect.

## Contribution

The ATTACH™ program is shown to moderate the intergenerational impact of maternal ACEs on child inflammation.

## Key findings

- Higher maternal ACEs were associated with higher child inflammatory gene expression.
- The ATTACH™ intervention reduced the link between maternal ACEs and child inflammation.
- The intervention had no significant effect on maternal inflammation.

## Abstract

Objective: To determine whether maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are (a) associated with increased inflammatory gene expression in mother–child dyads and (b) whether a parenting intervention (ATTACH™) moderates the association between maternal ACEs and mother and/or child inflammatory gene expression. Methods: Twenty mother–child dyads, recruited from a domestic violence shelter in Calgary, AB, Canada, were randomized into an ATTACH™ parenting intervention group (n = 9) or a wait-list control group (n = 11). Maternal ACEs were assessed. The mothers and children each provided one non-fasting blood sample after the intervention group completed the ATTACH™ program, which was assayed to quantify the Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity (CTRA) score, indicating inflammatory gene expression profile. Mixed-effect linear models were used, separately in mothers and children, to examine the associations between CTRA score, maternal ACEs, and the ACEs-by-intervention group interaction term. The covariates were age, sex, ethnicity, and maternal medication use. Results: Higher maternal ACEs were associated with higher child CTRA scores (b = 0.123 ± SE 0.044, p = 0.005), indicating an increased pro-inflammatory gene expression profile. The ATTACH™ parenting intervention moderated this association between maternal ACEs and child CTRA scores (b = 0.328 ± SE 0.133, p = 0.014). In mothers, the ACEs-by-intervention interaction terms were insignificant (p = 0.305). Conclusions: Maternal ACEs could exert an intergenerational impact on child inflammatory activity, and this association could be moderated by participating in the ATTACH™ parenting intervention.