# Structural Evaluation of a Nitroreductase Engineered for Improved Activation of the 5-Nitroimidazole PET Probe SN33623

## TL;DR

Scientists improved a bacterial enzyme to better activate a PET imaging probe and prodrugs, and they studied how the enzyme's structure enables this improvement.

## Contribution

A novel engineered nitroreductase with enhanced substrate activation and structural insights into its improved function.

## Key findings

- The mutant enzyme has an expanded substrate access channel and new hydrogen bonding interactions.
- Computational modeling showed improved substrate orientations and reduced distances in the mutant enzyme's active site.
- The findings enhance understanding of nitroreductase specificity and catalytic mechanisms for theranostic applications.

## Abstract

Bacterial nitroreductase enzymes capable of activating imaging probes and prodrugs are valuable tools for gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapies and targeted cell ablation models. We recently engineered a nitroreductase (E. coli NfsB F70A/F108Y) for the substantially enhanced reduction of the 5-nitroimidazole PET-capable probe, SN33623, which permits the theranostic imaging of vectors labeled with oxygen-insensitive bacterial nitroreductases. This mutant enzyme also shows improved activation of the DNA-alkylation prodrugs CB1954 and metronidazole. To elucidate the mechanism behind these enhancements, we resolved the crystal structure of the mutant enzyme to 1.98 Å and compared it to the wild-type enzyme. Structural analysis revealed an expanded substrate access channel and new hydrogen bonding interactions. Additionally, computational modeling of SN33623, CB1954, and metronidazole binding in the active sites of both the mutant and wild-type enzymes revealed key differences in substrate orientations and interactions, with improvements in activity being mirrored by reduced distances between the N5-H of isoalloxazine and the substrate nitro group oxygen in the mutant models. These findings deepen our understanding of nitroreductase substrate specificity and catalytic mechanisms and have potential implications for developing more effective theranostic imaging strategies in cancer treatment.