# Increased disease severity during COVID-19 related hospitalization in black non-hispanic, hispanic and medicaid-insured young children

## TL;DR

Young children from Black non-Hispanic, Hispanic, and Medicaid-insured backgrounds faced more severe outcomes during hospitalization for COVID-19 compared to White non-Hispanic and commercially insured children.

## Contribution

This study identifies racial/ethnic and insurance-based disparities in prolonged hospitalization outcomes for young children with COVID-19.

## Key findings

- Black non-Hispanic children had higher odds of prolonged hospitalization, ICU days, and mechanical ventilation compared to White non-Hispanic children.
- Hispanic and Other race/ethnicity children also showed similar patterns of prolonged outcomes.
- Medicaid-insured children had higher odds of prolonged hospitalization and oxygen use compared to commercially insured children.

## Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected marginalized groups in the United States. Although most children have mild or asymptomatic COVID-19, some experience severe disease and long-term complications. However, few studies have examined health disparities in severe COVID-19 outcomes among US children.

To examine disparities in the clinical outcomes of infants and children aged <5 years hospitalized with COVID-19 by race/ethnicity and payer status.

Children aged <5 years hospitalized with an admission diagnosis of COVID-19 (April 2021-February 2023) were selected from the PINC AI™ Healthcare Database. Hospital outcomes included length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) admission, oxygen supplementation, invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and prolonged duration of each outcome. Multivariable logistic regression models compared hospitalization outcomes by race/ethnicity and payer status.

Among 10,190 children (mean age: 0.9 years, 56.5% male, 66.7% Medicaid-insured), race/ethnicity was distributed as follows: White non-Hispanic (35.1%), Hispanic (any or Unknown race; 28.3%), Black non-Hispanic (15.2%), Other race/ethnicity (8.9%) and Unknown (12.5%). Payer status varied by race/ethnicity. White non-Hispanic children had the highest proportion with commercial insurance (42.9%) while other racial/ethnic groups ranged between 13.8% to 26.1%. Black non-Hispanic children had the highest proportion with Medicaid (82.3%) followed by Hispanic children (76.9%). Black non-Hispanic children had higher odds of prolonged outcomes: LOS (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.05–1.38), ICU days (aOR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.07–1.93), and IMV days (aOR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.09–2.97) compared to White non-Hispanic children. Similar patterns were observed for Hispanic and children of Other race/ethnicity. Medicaid-insured and children with other insurance had higher odds of prolonged LOS and oxygen days than commercially insured patients.

There were disparities in clinical outcomes of COVID-19 by race/ethnicity and insurance type, particularly for prolonged-duration outcomes. Further research is required to fully comprehend the causes and consequences of these disparities and develop strategies to reduce them while ensuring equitable healthcare delivery.