# Morphological and proteomic study of waterlogging tolerance in cotton

## TL;DR

This study explores how cotton seedlings adapt to waterlogging stress using a new floating cultivation method, focusing on root structure and protein changes.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel model for studying waterlogging tolerance in cotton and identifies specific morphological and proteomic adaptations.

## Key findings

- Floating cultivation leads to smaller taproot diameters and altered root cell structures in cotton seedlings.
- 28 differentially expressed proteins were identified in aquatic roots, including 24 up-regulated and 4 down-regulated proteins.
- The PGK and 14–3-3b genes showed specific expression patterns in aquatic roots, contributing to waterlogging resistance.

## Abstract

Floating seedling cultivation technique is a novel seedling method in cotton and it provides an ideal model to study cotton growing under waterlogging stress. Morphological character and proteomic profile of the primary root from the seedling cultured by the new technology were evaluated in this study. Compared to seedlings cultured by the traditional method, the diameter of the taproot from floating technology is small at all five seedling stages from one-leaf stage to five-leaf stage. There are similar changes between the thickness of cortex and diameter of stele, which increased from the one- to the two-leaf stage but decreased from the two- to the five-leaf stage. At the one-leaf stage, the number and volume of mitochondria in the primary root-tip cells were less than those in the control. At the two-leaf stage, there was significantly less electron-dense material in the primary root-tip cells than those in the control group. From the one- to the two-leaf stage, the vacuole volume was significantly smaller than that in the control. Total 28 differentially expressed proteins were revealed from aquatic and control group roots of cotton seedlings at the three-leaf stage by two-dimensional electrophoresis, which included 24 up-regulated and four down-regulated proteins. The relative expression of the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) gene in aquatic roots increased from the one- to the four-leaf stage but declined rapidly from the four- to the five-leaf stage. The relative expression of the 14–3-3b gene tended to decrease from the one- to the five-leaf stage. The PGK and 14–3-3b genes were specifically expressed in the aquatic roots at the three-leaf stage. In brief, these changes induced waterlogging resistance in the aquatic roots of cotton seedlings in the floating nursery, thereby causing the roots to adapt to the aquatic environment, promoting the growth and development of cotton seedlings.