# Measurement invariance of the Pandemic Anxiety Inventory in different demographic groups

## TL;DR

This study shows that the Pandemic Anxiety Inventory can be used to compare anxiety levels across different demographic groups during a pandemic.

## Contribution

The study confirms the Pandemic Anxiety Inventory's measurement invariance across multiple demographic groups.

## Key findings

- The PAI demonstrated invariance across genders, age groups, relationship status, and income levels.
- Ancillary analysis found invariance between White and Nonwhite groups, though the Nonwhite sample was small.
- Supplemental MIMIC analysis supported the invariance findings across demographic groups.

## Abstract

The Pandemic Anxiety Inventory (PAI) was developed in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Its content allows it to assess anxiety in connection to any pandemic. Previous research has demonstrated the instrument’s reliability and validity. An important question for clinicians and researchers, however, remains open: Does the PAI have similar meaning for members of different demographic groups? The finding of measurement invariance would allow clinicians and researchers to comparatively assess pandemic-related anxiety across demographic groups, including favored and disfavored groups.

We conducted a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis to assess the measurement invariance of the PAI using data obtained from a sample of 379 residents of the United Kingdom.

The PAI demonstrated invariance across genders, age groups, individuals who are married or in a relationship and those who are not, as well as individuals with higher and lower incomes. In an ancillary analysis, we found invariance across subsamples of Whites and Nonwhites, although we note that the Nonwhite group was small (n = 60) and heterogeneous. The findings of a supplemental MIMIC analysis were consistent with the above.

The PAI shows measurement invariance across a variety of demographic groups. Our findings suggest that the instrument can be meaningfully employed to compare pandemic-related anxiety across these groups.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40359-024-01829-z.