# Astrovirus induced nonpurulent encephalomyelitis in sheep: First report from Türkiye by high‐throughput sequencing

## TL;DR

A sheep in Türkiye showed signs of brain inflammation caused by an astrovirus, a first-time report in the region.

## Contribution

First documentation of astrovirus-induced encephalomyelitis in sheep in Türkiye using high-throughput sequencing.

## Key findings

- Astrovirus RNA was detected in brain and spinal cord samples of a sheep with neurological symptoms.
- The astrovirus strain belongs to a distinct genetic lineage related to ovine and muskox astroviruses.
- No other known pathogens were detected, confirming astrovirus as the likely cause of encephalitis.

## Abstract

This study presents the case of non‐purulent encephalomyelitis associated with astrovirus infection in a sheep from Eastern Anatolia, Türkiye.

A necropsy was performed on a sheep showing nervous signs. Afterwards, brain tissue samples were taken and examined with histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular techniques.

Neuropathologic changes included neuronal degeneration, diffuse gliosis, multifocal perivascular cuffing, neuronophagy and neuronal necrosis in the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the cervical spinal cord. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture, selective culture for Listeria monocytogenes, and PCR analysis for rabies virus, tick‐borne encephalitis virus, Türkiye encephalitis virus, small ruminant lentiviruses and border disease virus were negative. However, the presence of astrovirus RNA in cerebral, cerebellar and spinal cord samples was demonstrated by a pan‐astrovirus RT‐PCR. Immunohistochemical examinations revealed astrovirus antigens within the neuronal cytoplasm. High‐throughput sequencing techniques identified the causative agent as a member of the genotype species Mamastrovirus 13 but representing a distinct genetic lineage with similarity to ovine astrovirus 1 in the open‐reading frames (ORF)1ab region and muskox astrovirus in the ORF2 region.

This report provides evidence that astroviruses are potentially encephalitis‐causing pathogens in ovine populations in Türkiye, featuring an astrovirus strain distinct from those previously identified in sheep.

The case of non‐purulent encephalomyelitis associated with astrovirus infection in a sheep presented. Histopathological examination reveals signs of encephalitis, and astrovirus was detected by PCR.