# Comparative analysis of floral transition and floral organ formation in two contrasting species: Disocactus speciosus and D. eichlamii (Cactaceae)

## TL;DR

This paper compares how flowers develop in two cactus species with different structures, focusing on the early stages of flower formation and organ development.

## Contribution

The study provides the first detailed documentation of early floral meristem determination and pericarpel development in cacti.

## Key findings

- Floral meristems in both species produce tepal primordia and staminal rings, but with differing stamen numbers.
- The pericarpel in cacti develops from the floral meristem and surrounding stem tissue, lacking clear anatomical boundaries.
- Intercalary growth contributes to the complex floral axis structure in Disocactus species.

## Abstract

Contrasting morphologies in Disocactus are the result of differential development of the vegetative and floral tissue where intercalary growth is involved, resulting in a complex structure, the floral axis.

Species from the Cactaceae bear adaptations related with their growth in environments under hydric stress. These adaptations have translated into the reduction and modification of various structures such as leaves, stems, lateral branches, roots and the structuring of flowers in a so-called flower-shoot. While cacti flowers and fruits have a consistent structure with showy hermaphrodite or unisexual flowers that produce a fruit called cactidium, the developmental dynamics of vegetative and reproductive tissues comprising the reproductive unit have only been inferred through the analysis of pre-anthetic buds. Here we present a comparative analysis of two developmental series covering the early stages of flower formation and organ differentiation in Disocactus speciosus and Disocactus eichlamii, which have contrasting floral morphologies. We observe that within the areole, a shoot apical meristem commences to grow upward, producing lateral leaves with a spiral arrangement, rapidly transitioning to a floral meristem. The floral meristem produces tepal primordia and a staminal ring meristem from which numerous or few stamens develop in a centrifugal manner in D. speciosus and D. eichlamii, respectively. Also, the inferior ovary derives from the floral meristem flattening and an upward growth of the surrounding tissue of the underlying stem, producing the pericarpel. This structure is novel to cacti and lacks a clear anatomical delimitation with the carpel wall. Here, we present a first study that documents the early processes taking place during initial meristem determination related to pericarpel development and early floral organ formation in cacti until the establishment of mature floral organs.