# Determining the Reactivity of Selected Biomass Types Considering Their Application in Pyrometallurgical Processes of Metal Production

## TL;DR

This paper explores using biomass like walnut shells and coffee grounds as eco-friendly reducers in metal production, showing they can effectively lower copper content in slag.

## Contribution

The study introduces biomass as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels in pyrometallurgical processes for metal production.

## Key findings

- All tested biomass types are highly reactive, with spent coffee grounds showing the fastest reactivity.
- A two-hour hold time reduces copper content in slag to about 1 wt%.
- Four-hour contact time lowers copper to 0.5 wt% or less, indicating strong potential for sustainable metal production.

## Abstract

In this paper, results of research on the reactivities of selected biomass types considering their application in pyrometallurgical processes of metal production are presented. Walnut shells, sunflower husk pellets and spent coffee grounds were selected as biomass materials. Their use as potential reducers in the process of metallurgical slag decopperisation is an innovative approach to this subject. The thermogravimetric findings show that all three tested biomass types are classified as highly reactive. The time to reach maximum reactivity ranges from 1.5 to 3 min and, the lowest value is recorded for the sample of spent coffee grounds. The sample hold time of two hours enables copper content reduction to approx. 1 wt% for practically all the reducers tested. A longer duration of liquid slag contact with the reducer results in a decreased copper content in the slag to a value below 1 wt%. Copper concentrations of 0.5 wt% and lower are observed with a hold time of 4 h. The preliminary results indicate that there is great potential for the use of this type of material in non-ferrous metallurgy, which may translate into replacing fossil raw materials and thus introducing the principles of a sustainable process in this case of metal production.