# Evidence Supporting a Role of Alternative Splicing Participates in Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Fruit Ripening

## TL;DR

This study shows that alternative splicing and SR genes are involved in melon fruit ripening, with changes in gene expression during maturation.

## Contribution

The study reveals increased alternative splicing and SR gene activity during melon fruit ripening, a novel finding in plant biology.

## Key findings

- Differential AS genes are significantly altered during melon fruit maturation, especially in ripening-related pathways.
- Melon SR genes show distinct expression patterns in reproductive organs and are activated during fruit maturation.
- Most SR genes were under selection during melon domestication, suggesting evolutionary importance in fruit development.

## Abstract

One key post-transcriptional modification mechanism that dynamically controls a number of physiological processes in plants is alternative splicing (AS). However, the functional impacts of AS on fruit ripening remain unclear. In this research, we used RNA-seq data from climacteric (VED, Harukei 3) and non-climacteric (PI, PS) melon cultivars to explore alternative splicing (AS) in immature and mature fruit. The results revealed dramatic changes in differential AS genes (DAG) between the young and mature fruit stages, particularly in genes involved in fruit development/ripening, carotenoid and capsaicinoid biosynthesis, and starch and sucrose metabolism. Serine/arginine-rich (SR) family proteins are known as important splicing factors in AS events. From the melon genome, a total of 17 SR members were discovered in this study. These genes could be classified into eight distinct subfamilies based on gene structure and conserved motifs. Promoter analysis detected various cis-acting regulatory elements involved in hormone pathways and fruit development. Interestingly, these SR genes exhibited specific expression patterns in reproductive organs such as flowers and ovaries. Additionally, concurrent with the increase in AS levels in ripening fruit, the transcripts of these SR genes were activated during fruit maturation in both climacteric and non-climacteric melon varieties. We also found that most SR genes were under selection during domestication. These results represent a novel finding of increased AS levels and SR gene expression during fruit ripening, indicating that alternative splicing may play a role in fruit maturation.