# Tactile breathing guidance increases oxygen saturation but not alertness or hypoxia symptoms

## TL;DR

Tactile breathing guidance improves oxygen levels during simulated high altitude but does not affect alertness or hypoxia symptoms.

## Contribution

Demonstrates that tactile breathing guidance increases oxygen saturation during hypoxia without affecting alertness or symptoms.

## Key findings

- Tactile breathing guidance significantly increased SpO2 at rest and during cognitive tasks.
- No significant changes in alertness or hypoxia symptoms were observed with tactile breathing guidance.
- Pilots found the tactile guidance usable but struggled to follow it during cognitive tasks.

## Abstract

We investigated the effect of tactile guided slow deep breathing compared with that of spontaneous breathing on blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), alertness, and hypoxia symptoms during acute hypobaric hypoxia. We also evaluated the usability of this tactile breathing guidance. Twelve male military pilots were exposed to a simulated altitude of 4,572 m (15,000 ft) in a repeated measures study while breathing spontaneously and during tactile guided slow deep breathing. Under both breathing conditions, measurements were performed at rest and during the performance of a cognitive task. The Stanford Sleepiness Scale was used to rate alertness, and hypoxia symptoms were reported using a list of general hypoxia symptoms. Usability was evaluated in a questionnaire. Tactile guidance of slow deep breathing significantly increased (p <.001) the SpO2 – 88% (95% confidence interval (CI) [84%, 91%]) at rest and 85% (95% CI [81%, 88%]) during the cognitive task – compared with spontaneous breathing – 78% (95% CI [75%, 81%]) at rest and 78% (95% CI [76%, 80%]) during the cognitive task. This increase in SpO2 had no effect on the level of alertness and number of hypoxia symptoms. Pilots were positive about the intensity and sensation of the vibration signal, but had difficulty following the vibration pattern during the cognitive task. Pre-training may improve slow deep breathing technique during performance of cognitive tasks.