# Interhospital variation in the nonoperative management of acute cholecystitis

## TL;DR

The study finds that hospitals vary widely in how often they use non-surgical treatment for gallbladder inflammation, with factors like age and insurance playing a role.

## Contribution

The study identifies significant hospital-level variation in nonoperative management rates and explores associated clinical and socioeconomic factors.

## Key findings

- 20.6% of variability in nonoperative management is attributed to hospital factors.
- Older age and public insurance are linked to higher nonoperative rates at low-operative hospitals.
- Small hospital size and SNH status are associated with increased nonoperative management.

## Abstract

Cholecystectomy remains the standard management for acute cholecystitis. Given that rates of nonoperative management have increased, we hypothesize the existence of significant hospital-level variability in operative rates. Thus, we characterized patients who were managed nonoperatively at normal and lower operative hospitals (>90th percentile).

All adult admissions for acute cholecystitis were queried using the 2016–2019 Nationwide Readmissions Database. Centers were ranked by nonoperative rate using multi-level, mixed effects modeling. Hospitals in the top decile of nonoperative rate (>9.4%) were classified as Low Operative Hospitals (LOH; others:nLOH). Separate regression models were created to determine factors associated with nonoperative management at LOH and nLOH.

Of an estimated 418,545 patients, 9.9% were managed at 880 LOH. Multilevel modeling demonstrated that 20.6% of the variability was due to hospital factors alone. After adjustment, older age (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 1.02/year, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.01–1.02) and public insurance (Medicare AOR 1.31, CI 1.21–1.43 and Medicaid AOR 1.43, CI 1.31–1.57; reference: Private Insurance) were associated with nonoperative management at LOH. These were similar at nLOH. At LOH, SNH status (AOR 1.17, CI 1.07–1.28) and small institution size (AOR 1.20, CI 1.09–1.34) were associated with increased odds of nonoperative management.

We noted a significant variability in the interhospital variation of the nonoperative management of acute cholecystitis. Nevertheless, comparable clinical and socioeconomic factors contribute to nonoperative management at both LOH and non-LOH. Directed strategies to address persistent non-clinical disparities are necessary to minimize deviation from standard protocol and ensure equitable care.