Burton's Line on the Gum Seen in Lead Poisoning Among Petroleum Refinery Workers in Kirkuk City, Iraq: A Case Series

TL;DR

This case series reports three lead poisoning cases in petroleum refinery workers in Iraq, highlighting Burton's line on the gums as a key sign of lead toxicity.

Contribution

The study emphasizes Burton's line as a clinical indicator of lead poisoning in petroleum refinery workers.

Findings

Three patients showed Burton's line and elevated blood lead levels (30-43 μg/dL).

Symptoms included fatigue, headaches, abdominal pain, and neurological impairments.

Lead exposure occurred via inhalation, ingestion, or direct contact during petroleum refining.

Abstract

Lead poisoning is a serious occupational health risk, especially for those who work in fields where lead-containing products are frequently exposed, including petroleum refining. Three cases of lead poisoning among employees of the petroleum refinery in Kirkuk City, Iraq, have been presented in this case series, emphasizing the clinical significance of Burton's line (blue-purplish line or gingival pigmentation) on the gums as an indication of lead toxicity. Patients presented with typical gingival margin darkening along with symptoms like fatigue, headaches, abdominal pain, and neurological impairments. Subsequent laboratory analysis confirmed that all three patients had increased blood lead levels, which ranged from 30 to 43 μg/dL (normal range <10 μg/dL). In the process of refining petroleum, lead can be inhaled, ingested, or come into direct touch with lead-containing items. Burton's line identification is essential for prompt diagnosis and intervention. This case series highlights the importance of taking preventative action to lessen the risks of lead exposure and protect the well-being and safety of employees of petroleum refineries. Healthcare providers should be vigilant, and strict safety protocols, worker education, and regular monitoring are all essential.

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