# An insulin-like signalling pathway model for Fasciola gigantica

## TL;DR

This study identifies and analyzes the insulin-like signaling pathway in the liver fluke Fasciola gigantica, revealing key components and their roles in development and host interaction.

## Contribution

The study reconstructs the IIS pathway in F. gigantica and identifies a novel receptor, FgIR-3, and excretory roles of several pathway components.

## Key findings

- The core components of the insulin-like signaling pathway were identified in Fasciola gigantica.
- Three insulin receptors (FgIR-1, FgIR-2, FgIR-3) were detected, including a novel receptor FgIR-3.
- Several pathway genes showed increased transcription in specific developmental stages and were predicted to be present in excretory-secretory products.

## Abstract

The insulin/insulin-like signalling (IIS) pathway is common in mammals and invertebrates, and the IIS pathway is unknown in Fasciola gigantica. In the present study, the IIS pathway was reconstructed in F. gigantica. We defined the components involved in the IIS pathway and investigated the transcription profiles of these genes for all developmental stages of F. gigantica. In addition, the presence of these components in excretory and secretory products (ESPs) was predicted via signal peptide annotation.

The core components of the IIS pathway were detected in F. gigantica. Among these proteins, one ligand (FgILP) and one insulin-like molecule binding protein (FgIGFBP) were analysed. Interestingly, three receptors (FgIR-1/FgIR-2/FgIR-3) were detected, and a novel receptor, FgIR-3, was screened, suggesting novel functions. Fg14-3-3ζ, Fgirs, and Fgpp2a exhibited increased transcription in 42-day-old juveniles and 70-day-old juveniles, while Fgilp, Fgigfb, Fgsgk-1, Fgakt-1, Fgir-3, Fgpten, and Fgaap-1 exhibited increased transcription in metacercariae. FgILP, FgIGFBP, FgIR-2, FgIR-3, and two transcription factors (FgHSF-1 and FgSKN-1) were predicted to be present in FgESPs, indicating their exogenous roles.

This study helps to elucidate the signal transduction pathway of IIS in F. gigantica, which will aid in understanding the interaction between flukes and hosts, as well as in understanding fluke developmental regulation, and will also lay a foundation for further characterisation of the IIS pathways of trematodes.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-024-04107-7.