# Sensitivity of Mass Geometry Parameters on E-Scooter Comfort: Design Guide

## TL;DR

This paper studies how e-scooter frame design affects rider comfort by analyzing vibrations and proposes a design guide to reduce them.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a design guide for e-scooter frames to reduce vibrations and improve comfort based on mass geometry parameters.

## Key findings

- Dynamic simulations showed that mass geometry parameters significantly influence e-scooter vibrations.
- Application cases demonstrated comfort improvements of over 9% compared to the reference model.
- A basic sensor and comfort color scale were proposed to provide real-time feedback to riders.

## Abstract

E-scooter vibrations are a problem recently studied. Theoretical models based on dynamic simulations and also real measurements have confirmed the high impact of e-scooter vibrations on driver comfort and health. Some authors recommend improving e-scooter damping systems, including tyres. However, it has not been suggested nor has any research been published studying how to improve e-scooter frame design for reducing driver vibrations and improving comfort. In this paper, we have modelled a real e-scooter to have a reference. Then, we have developed a multibody dynamic model for running dynamic simulations studying the influence of mass geometry parameters of the e-scooter frame (mass, centre of gravity and inertia moment). Acceleration results have been analysed based on the UNE-2631 standard for obtaining comfort values. Based on results, a qualitative e-scooter frame design guide for mitigating vibrations and increasing the comfort of e-scooter driver has been developed. Some application cases have been running on the multibody dynamic simulation model, finding improvements of comfort levels higher than 9% in comparison with the e-scooter reference model. The dynamic model has been qualitatively validated from real measurements. In addition, a basic sensor proposal and comfort colour scale is proposed for giving feedback to e-scooter drivers.