# Gallic acid pretreatment mitigates parathyroid ischemia–reperfusion injury through signaling pathway modulation

## TL;DR

Gallic acid pretreatment helps protect parathyroid glands during surgery by reducing injury caused by oxygen loss and recovery.

## Contribution

This study shows gallic acid mitigates parathyroid ischemia–reperfusion injury through modulation of multiple signaling pathways.

## Key findings

- GA pretreatment reduces apoptosis and G1 phase arrest in parathyroid cells under hypoxia/reoxygenation.
- RNA-seq reveals GA modulates IL-17, AMPK, MAPK, and other signaling pathways.
- GA shows potential as a therapeutic strategy for preventing hypoparathyroidism.

## Abstract

Thyroid surgery often results in ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) to the parathyroid glands, yet the mechanisms underlying this and how to ameliorate IRI remain incompletely explored. Our study identifies a polyphenolic herbal extract—gallic acid (GA)—with antioxidative properties against IRI. Through flow cytometry and CCK8 assays, we investigate the protective effects of GA pretreatment on a parathyroid IRI model and decode its potential mechanisms via RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis. Results reveal increased apoptosis, pronounced G1 phase arrest, and significantly reduced cell proliferation in the hypoxia/reoxygenation group compared to the hypoxia group, which GA pretreatment mitigates. RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis indicate GA’s modulation of various signaling pathways, including IL-17, AMPK, MAPK, transient receptor potential channels, cAMP, and Rap1. In summary, GA pretreatment demonstrates potential in protecting parathyroid cells from IRI by influencing various genes and signaling pathways. These findings offer a promising therapeutic strategy for hypoparathyroidism treatment.