The distribution of parent‐reported attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and subclinical autistic traits in children with and without an ADHD diagnosis

TL;DR

The study explores how ADHD and subclinical autistic traits overlap in children, finding that autistic traits, especially in social communication, are unevenly distributed among children with ADHD.

Contribution

The study introduces a model showing the distribution of ADHD and subclinical autistic traits in children, highlighting social communication as a key area.

Findings

A 2-factor, 2-class model best fits the data, separating children with low vs. high ADHD traits and low-to-moderate autistic traits.

Subclinical autistic traits, especially in social communication, are unevenly distributed among children with ADHD.

Current categorical diagnostic criteria remain useful, but ADHD is better conceptualized as a continuum.

Abstract

Autistic traits are often reported to be elevated in children diagnosed with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, the distribution of subclinical autistic traits in children with ADHD has not yet been established; knowing this may have important implications for diagnostic and intervention processes. The present study proposes a preliminary model of the distribution of parent‐reported ADHD and subclinical autistic traits in two independent samples of Australian children with and without an ADHD diagnosis.

Factor mixture modelling was applied to Autism Quotient and Conners' Parent Rating Scale – Revised responses from parents of Australian children aged 6–15 years who participated in one of two independent studies.

A 2‐factor, 2‐class factor mixture model with class varying factor variances and intercepts demonstrated the best fit to the data in both discovery and replication samples. The factors corresponded to the latent constructs of ‘autism’ and ‘ADHD’, respectively. Class 1 was characterised by low levels of both ADHD and autistic traits. Class 2 was characterised by high levels of ADHD traits and low‐to‐moderate levels of autistic traits. The classes were largely separated along diagnostic boundaries. The largest effect size for differences between classes on the Autism Quotient was on the Social Communication subscale.

Our findings support the conceptualisation of ADHD as a continuum, whilst confirming the utility of current categorical diagnostic criteria. Results suggest that subclinical autistic traits, particularly in the social communication domain, are unevenly distributed across children with clinically significant levels of ADHD traits. These traits might be profitably screened for in assessments of children with high ADHD symptoms and may also represent useful targets for intervention.

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