C-reactive Protein Kinetics During In-Patient Treatment of COVID-19-Associated Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral Mucormycosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study in a Tertiary Hospital in Central India

TL;DR

This study examines how C-reactive protein levels change in patients with a severe fungal infection linked to COVID-19, comparing them to patients with sinusitis but no fungal infection.

Contribution

The study identifies C-reactive protein (CRP) as a potential biomarker to guide antifungal treatment in patients with COVID-associated mucormycosis.

Findings

CRP levels showed significant differences in kinetics between mucormycosis and non-mucormycosis patients.

CRP monitoring can help determine when to start and stop antifungal treatment.

CRP is a readily available and affordable biomarker for managing mucormycosis.

Abstract

COVID-associated rhino-orbito-cerebral Mucormycosis (CA-ROCM), henceforth referred to as Covid-Associated Mucormycosis (CAM), is a serious and fatal condition unless treated promptly and completely. The main treatment of the CAM is complete surgical debridement and administration of systemic antifungals. The first line antifungal recommended for CAM is Amphotericin-B. Since Amphotericin-B has systemic side effects mainly on the renal system, a timely decision to start and end Amphotericin-B therapy is very essential. Besides the Computed Tomography (CT) scan, serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are a good indicator of CAM-associated inflammation levels in the patient's body. By monitoring the CRP levels, we can titrate amphotericin treatment to cause minimal harm to the kidneys. Our study was done to analyze the kinetics of C-reactive protein in patients of CAM admitted in a tertiary-care hospital and compare it with the CRP levels in COVID-associated non-Mucormycosis Sinusitis patients.

Aim and objective

To study the kinetics of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels among patients undergoing in-patient care for COVID-associated rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis and compare with serum CRP levels in COVID-19 patients suffering from sinusitis without rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis.

Materials and methods

This was a retrospective cohort study. The source of data was post-COVID sinusitis patients who were admitted during 2nd wave of COVID-19 in India in our hospital whose medical records were accessed by the Medical Records Department. The subjects were recruited into the two study groups namely the Mucormycosis group and the non-Mucormycosis group based on the histopathological report of the nasal biopsy specimen. The medical records of each member of the two groups were studied for the levels of serum C-reactive protein measured at the time of admission and every 5(+1) days thereafter till the time of discharge. The kinetics of serum C-reactive protein levels, which is a marker of inflammation is studied in each of the two groups and compared using statistical methods.

Results

There was a significant difference between Mucormycosis and Non-Mucormycosis groups in CRP-level kinetics. However, there was no significant trend of decrease or increase over time in Mucormycosis as well as non-Mucormycosis cases.

Conclusion

CRP is an important biomarker in assessing the septic response to COVID-associated rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis. Detection of raised CRP levels helps in prompt early initiation of anti-fungal treatment. Also, monitoring the levels of serum CRP will guide in deciding the time to stop the antifungals at an appropriate time. CRP monitoring is commonly available and affordable. Hence, we recommend CRP monitoring of in-patients of CAM.

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