# A Study on the Dilational Modulus Measurement of Polyacrylic Acid Films at Air–Water Interface by Pendant Bubble Tensiometry

## TL;DR

This study measures the dilational modulus of polyacrylic acid films at the air-water interface using a new method involving natural perturbations and pendant bubble tensiometry.

## Contribution

A novel approach to measure the dilational modulus of polymer films using natural perturbations and pendant bubble tensiometry is introduced.

## Key findings

- The study found that reaching equilibrium surface tension and saturated dilational modulus takes considerable time for polyacrylic acid films.
- Both equilibrium surface tension and saturated dilational modulus increase with the molecular weight of polyacrylic acid.
- Lower molecular weight solutions require more time to reach equilibrium states.

## Abstract

The dilational modulus (E) of polymer films has been commonly measured using the oscillating ring/bubble/drop methods with an external force, and often without specifying the state of the adsorbed film. This study explores an approach where E was determined from the relaxations of surface tension (ST) and surface area (SA) of natural perturbations, in which ST and SA were monitored using a pendant bubble tensiometer. The E of the adsorbed film of PAA (polyacrylic acid) was evaluated for aqueous solutions at CPAA = 5 × 10−4 g/cm3, [MW = 5, 25, and 250 (kDa)]. The E (=dγ/dlnA) was estimated from the surface dilational rate (dlnA/dt) and the rate of ST change (dγ/dt) of the bubble surface from the natural perturbation caused by minute variations in ambient temperature. The data revealed that (i) a considerable time is required to reach the equilibrium-ST (γeq) and to attain the saturated dilational modulus (Esat) of the adsorbed PAA film, (ii) both γeq and Esat of PAA solutions increase with MW of PAA, (iii) a lower MW solution requires a longer time to reach its γeq and Esat, and (iv) this approach is workable for evaluating the E of adsorbed polymer films.