Exploring the Frozen Armory: Antiphage Defense Systems in Cold-Adapted Bacteria with a Focus on CRISPR-Cas Systems

TL;DR

This study explores antiphage defense systems in cold-adapted bacteria, finding that CRISPR-Cas systems are less common but other defenses like dXTPases and DRTs are more frequent.

Contribution

The study provides the first comprehensive map of antiphage defense systems in cold-adapted bacteria and identifies potential cold-active CRISPR-Cas tools.

Findings

CRISPR-Cas systems are less frequent in cold-adapted bacteria compared to mesophilic and thermophilic species.

Antiphage defense systems like dXTPases and DRTs are more prevalent in cold-adapted bacteria.

Potential cold-active CRISPR-Cas endonuclease candidates were identified for genome editing applications.

Abstract

Our understanding of the antiphage defense system arsenal in bacteria is rapidly expanding, but little is known about its occurrence in cold-adapted bacteria. In this study, we aim to shed light on the prevalence and distribution of antiphage defense systems in cold-adapted bacteria, with a focus on CRISPR-Cas systems. Using bioinformatics tools, Prokaryotic Antiviral Defense LOCator (PADLOC) and CRISPRCasTyper, we mapped the presence and diversity of antiphage defense systems in 938 available genomes of cold-adapted bacteria from diverse habitats. We confirmed that CRISPR-Cas systems are less frequent in cold-adapted bacteria, compared to mesophilic and thermophilic species. In contrast, several antiphage defense systems, such as dXTPases and DRTs, appear to be more frequently compared to temperate bacteria. Additionally, our study provides Cas endonuclease candidates with a potential for further development into cold-active CRISPR-Cas genome editing tools. These candidates could have broad applications in research on cold-adapted organisms. Our study provides a first-time map of antiphage defense systems in cold-adapted bacteria and a detailed overview of CRISPR-Cas diversity.

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