# Hive Products: Composition, Pharmacological Properties, and Therapeutic Applications

## TL;DR

This review explores the bioactive compounds in bee products like honey and royal jelly and their potential health benefits for humans and animals.

## Contribution

The paper provides a comprehensive overview of the pharmacological properties and therapeutic uses of hive products.

## Key findings

- Hive products contain diverse bioactive compounds with antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties.
- Royal jelly and honey have unique components like MRJPs and 10-HDA that offer metabolic and immunomodulatory benefits.
- Bee venom and pollen show promise in treating atherosclerosis, diabetes, and inflammation.

## Abstract

Beekeeping provides products with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical characteristics. These products are characterized by abundance of bioactive compounds. For different reasons, honey, royal jelly, propolis, venom, and pollen are beneficial to humans and animals and could be used as therapeutics. The pharmacological action of these products is related to many of their constituents. The main bioactive components of honey include oligosaccharides, methylglyoxal, royal jelly proteins (MRJPs), and phenolics compounds. Royal jelly contains jelleins, royalisin peptides, MRJPs, and derivatives of hydroxy-decenoic acid, particularly 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA), which possess antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuromodulatory, metabolic syndrome-preventing, and anti-aging properties. Propolis has a plethora of activities that are referable to compounds such as caffeic acid phenethyl ester. Peptides found in bee venom include phospholipase A2, apamin, and melittin. In addition to being vitamin-rich, bee pollen also includes unsaturated fatty acids, sterols, and phenolics compounds that express antiatherosclerotic, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the constituents of hive products are particular and different. All of these constituents have been investigated for their properties in numerous research studies. This review aims to provide a thorough screening of the bioactive chemicals found in honeybee products and their beneficial biological effects. The manuscript may provide impetus to the branch of unconventional medicine that goes by the name of apitherapy.