# Evaluating the Effectiveness of Phellodendron Amurense Ruprecht Extract as a Natural Anti-Caries Material

## TL;DR

This study shows that Phellodendron Amurense Ruprecht extract can inhibit harmful bacteria linked to tooth decay without harming human cells.

## Contribution

The study demonstrates the potential of Phellodendron Amurense Ruprecht extract as a safe and effective natural anti-caries agent.

## Key findings

- Higher concentrations of PAR extract significantly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus mutans.
- PAR extract at 5 mg/mL completely inactivated Streptococcus mutans.
- PAR extract did not show cytotoxic effects on human keratinocyte cells at tested concentrations.

## Abstract

Background: This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and cytotoxic potential of Phellodendron amurense Ruprecht (PAR) extract against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and explore the possibility of using PAR extract as an anticariogenic agent. Methods: Mixed extracts were prepared at 0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL concentrations, and an S. mutans-containing solution of 100 μL was inoculated into the medium. The survival rate of human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells was assessed to confirm stability. One-way ANOVA was performed to evaluate the antibacterial activity against S. mutans and the proliferation of HaCaT cells. Results: Higher concentrations of the PAR extract showed more growth inhibition of S. mutans over time, with the complete inactivation of S. mutans at 5 mg/mL. HaCaT cell density was reduced at a PAR extract concentration of 1.25 mg/mL, but IC50 was not observed, confirming that the concentration used did not affect the cytotoxicity and proliferation. Conclusions: Results showed that the PAR extract was excellent as a natural substance with anticariogenic effects that inhibited the growth of S. mutans and did not affect the cell viability, thus indicating the potential for clinical application.